Lower heart rate variability, an index of worse autonomic function, is associated with worse beta cell response to a glycemic load in vivo—The Maastricht Study

Table 2 Associations of time- and frequency- domain heart rate variability with the beta cell composite score

		Beta cell composite score, per SD
	Models	stβ [95% CI]	P-value
HRV time- domain composite score, per SD lower	Crude	-0.070 (-0.114 to -0.026)	0.002
	1	-0.063 (-0.107 to -0.020)	0.004
	2	-0.067 (-0.111 to -0.023)	0.003
	3 A	-0.059 (-0.102 to -0.015)	0.008
	3B	-0.055 (-0.098 to -0.011)	0.013
HRV frequency- domain composite score, per SD lower	Crude	-0.073 (-0.116 to -0.029)	0.001
	1	-0.063 (-0.106 to -0.019)	0.005
	2	-0.066 (-0.110 to -0.022)	0.003
	3 A	-0.054 (-0.098 to -0.011)	0.015
	3B	-0.051 (-0.095 to -0.007)	0.022

Standardized regression coefficient (stβ) represents the difference in beta cell composite score (in SD) per 1-SD lower time- or frequency-domain HRV composite score. Overall beta cell response composite score was estimated from C-peptidogenic index, overall insulin secretion, beta cell glucose sensitivity, beta cell potentiation factor, and beta cell rate sensitivity
Bold indicates p < 0.05
Variables entered in the models in addition to HRV: Crude: none; model 1: age, sex, and educational status (low, medium, high); model 2: model 1 + Matsuda Index; model 3 A: model 2 + total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, lipid-modifying medication (yes/no), BMI, smoking status (current, ever, never), and alcohol consumption status (none, low, high); Model 3B: model 3 A + office systolic blood pressure and use of antihypertensive medication
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; HRV, heart rate variability, HDL, high density lipid; BMI, body-mass index. All abbreviations for indices of HRV are presented in the Methods section

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