Association of complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus with hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a case–control study in individuals aged 65–80 years

Table 3 Multiple linear regression analysis with peak oxygen uptake as the dependent variable

Independent variables	Peak oxygen uptake
	R²	Standard error	Standardized β	95% confidence interval		Variance Inflation Factor	P-value
	0.476
Age		0.069	−0.203	−0.322	−0.048	1.008	0.008
Sex		0.610	−0.185	−2.686	−0.265	1.034	0.017
Body mass index		0.120	−0.214	−0.574	−0.098	1.033	0.006
Treatment with β-blocker
Steps (daily physical activity)
Presence of atrial fibrillation		0.611	−0.304	−3.673	−1.247	1.008	< 0.0001
Presence of sarcopenia
Hemoglobin level
Epicardial adipose tissue thickness
Presence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus		0.604	−0.551	−5.597	−3.200	1.013	< 0.0001

Multiple linear regression analysis was performed using the stepwise method; the dependent variables were peak oxygen uptake. We selected as independent variables known parameters that were found to be significantly associated with peak oxygen uptake in patients with HFpEF [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48]. To confirm multicollinearity between the independent variables, a correlation coefficient of ≥ 0.8 or a variance inflation factor of ≥ 5.0 was looked for, but neither was confirmed. In addition, on performing the Shapiro–Wilk test on residuals, the significance probability was 0.112, thus, confirming their normal distribution

ISSN: 1475-2840