Characteristics | Control (n = 50) | HFpEF without T2DM (n = 48) | HFpEF with T2DM (n = 51) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
HFA-PEFF score | 5 (IQR, 5–6)* | 5 (IQR, 5–6)* | < 0.001 | |
H2FPEF score | 6 (IQR, 4–7)* | 6 (IQR, 4–7)* | < 0.001 | |
NYHA functional classification | ||||
Class II | 0 | 58 | 45 | 0.188 |
Class III | 0 | 42 | 55 | 0.188 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Old myocardial infarction (%) | 0 | 19 | 35 | 0.065 |
Atrial fibrillation (%) | 0 | 65 | 55 | 0.443 |
Anemia (%) | 6 | 13* | 24*, † | 0.038 |
Hypertension (%) | 22 | 63* | 73* | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 58 | 52 | 55 | 0.841 |
Obesity (%) | 2 | 15* | 2 | 0.011 |
Overweight (%) | 62 | 48 | 65 | 0.195 |
Sarcopenia (%) | 4 | 4 | 20*, † | 0.009 |
Diabetic duration (years) | 0 | 0 | 9.3 (IQR, 8.8–9.7)*, † | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 75 (IQR, 72–78) | 74 (IQR, 70–78) | 74 (IQR, 72–77) | 0.804 |
Male (%) | 50 | 48 | 49 | 0.979 |
Anthropometric parameters | ||||
Height (cm) | 163 (IQR, 159–169) | 163 (IQR, 154–171) | 162 (IQR, 155–169) | 0.515 |
Weight (kg) | 70 (IQR, 66–72) | 69 (IQR, 63–74) | 66 (IQR, 62–73) | 0.380 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 1.9 | 26.3 ± 3.0 | 25.9 ± 2.1 | 0.738 |
Body surface area (m2) | 1.75 ± 0.11 | 1.75 ± 0.15 | 1.72 ± 0.14 | 0.442 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 103 (IQR, 99–105) | 116 (IQR, 113–125)* | 116 (IQR, 112–123)* | < 0.001 |
Physical activity | ||||
Steps (steps/days) | 7603 (IQR, 6,602–8,430) | 4695 (IQR, 3,774–5,276)* | 4977 (IQR, 4,648–5,911)* | < 0.001 |
Movement related to calorie consumption (kcal/days) | 294 (IQR, 253–338) | 180 (IQR, 149–209)* | 201 (IQR, 165–230)* | < 0.001 |
Components of sarcopenia | ||||
Appendicular skeletal muscle index (kg/m2) | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 6.9 ± 0.9* | 0.038 |
Hand grip (kg) | 26.4 (IQR, 20.5–29.5) | 22.4 (IQR, 19.7–28.8) | 21.7 (IQR, 19.9–25.1)* | 0.007 |
Sit to stand-5 (s) | 7.2 (IQR, 6.8–7.9) | 8.9 (IQR, 8.2–9.5)* | 8.8 (IQR, 8.3–10.2)* | < 0.001 |
Preference and medication | ||||
Smoker (%) | 24 | 27 | 24 | 0.907 |
Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (%) | 0 | 60* | 69* | < 0.001 |
Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (%) | 4 | 46* | 59* | < 0.001 |
β blocker (%) | 0 | 60* | 65* | < 0.001 |
Calcium-channel blocker (%) | 0 | 38* | 57* | < 0.001 |
Diuretic (%) | 0 | 6 | 4 | 0.220 |
Statin (%) | 34 | 98* | 84* | < 0.001 |
Fibrate (%) | 10 | 0 | 4 | 0.062 |
Ezetimibe (%) | 22 | 40* | 76* | < 0.001 |
Biguanide (%) | 0 | 0 | 78*, † | < 0.001 |
Sulphonylurea (%) | 0 | 0 | 69*, † | < 0.001 |
α-glucosidase inhibitor (%) | 0 | 0 | 20*, † | < 0.001 |
Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (%) | 0 | 0 | 25*, † | < 0.001 |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (%) | 0 | 0 | 22*, † | < 0.001 |
Biochemical analysis and blood pressure | ||||
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 224 (IQR, 211–232) | 226 (IQR, 215–232) | 220 (IQR, 213–229) | 0.741 |
Low–density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 124 (IQR, 117–131) | 142 (IQR, 134–151)* | 140 (IQR, 133–144)* | < 0.001 |
High–density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58 (IQR, 54–62) | 51 (IQR, 43–55)* | 51 (IQR, 44–56)* | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 130 (IQR, 117–142) | 152 (IQR, 141–168)* | 152 (IQR, 142–171)* | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.6 (IQR, 5.4–5.7) | 5.2 (IQR, 4.9–5.4)* | 9.7 (IQR, 9.1–10.2)*, † | < 0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 118 (IQR, 102–122) | 98 (IQR, 93–105)* | 159 (IQR, 149–168)*, † | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR (%) | 1.7 (IQR, 1.6–2.1) | 1.3 (IQR, 1.1–1.5)* | 3.5 (IQR, 3.0–3.8)*, † | < 0.001 |
eGFR at cystatin C (mL/min/1.73m2) | 71 (IQR, 70–78) | 58 (IQR, 55–63)* | 50 (IQR, 47–54)*, † | < 0.001 |
Brain natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 18 (IQR, 17–21) | 173 (IQR, 148–209) * | 202 (IQR, 173–219)* | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 (IQR, 13.4–14.4) | 13.3 (IQR, 12.8–13.8)* | 12.4 (IQR, 12.1–13.1)*, † | < 0.001 |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 126 (IQR, 122–128) | 142 (IQR, 124–148)* | 142 (IQR, 128–148)* | < 0.001 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 72 (IQR, 66–75) | 68 (IQR, 66–75) | 66 (IQR, 63–72) | 0.067 |