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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of all the groups

From: Association of complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus with hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a case–control study in individuals aged 65–80 years

Characteristics

Control (n = 50)

HFpEF without T2DM (n = 48)

HFpEF with T2DM (n = 51)

P-value

HFA-PEFF score

 

5 (IQR, 5–6)*

5 (IQR, 5–6)*

 < 0.001

H2FPEF score

 

6 (IQR, 4–7)*

6 (IQR, 4–7)*

 < 0.001

NYHA functional classification

 Class II

0

58

45

0.188

 Class III

0

42

55

0.188

Comorbidities

 Old myocardial infarction (%)

0

19

35

0.065

 Atrial fibrillation (%)

0

65

55

0.443

 Anemia (%)

6

13*

24*, †

0.038

 Hypertension (%)

22

63*

73*

 < 0.001

 Dyslipidemia (%)

58

52

55

0.841

 Obesity (%)

2

15*

2

0.011

 Overweight (%)

62

48

65

0.195

 Sarcopenia (%)

4

4

20*, †

0.009

 Diabetic duration (years)

0

0

9.3 (IQR, 8.8–9.7)*, †

 < 0.001

 Age (years)

75 (IQR, 72–78)

74 (IQR, 70–78)

74 (IQR, 72–77)

0.804

 Male (%)

50

48

49

0.979

Anthropometric parameters

 Height (cm)

163 (IQR, 159–169)

163 (IQR, 154–171)

162 (IQR, 155–169)

0.515

 Weight (kg)

70 (IQR, 66–72)

69 (IQR, 63–74)

66 (IQR, 62–73)

0.380

 Body mass index (kg/m2)

26.1 ± 1.9

26.3 ± 3.0

25.9 ± 2.1

0.738

 Body surface area (m2)

1.75 ± 0.11

1.75 ± 0.15

1.72 ± 0.14

0.442

 Waist circumference (cm)

103 (IQR, 99–105)

116 (IQR, 113–125)*

116 (IQR, 112–123)*

 < 0.001

Physical activity

 Steps (steps/days)

7603 (IQR, 6,602–8,430)

4695 (IQR, 3,774–5,276)*

4977 (IQR, 4,648–5,911)*

 < 0.001

 Movement related to calorie consumption (kcal/days)

294 (IQR, 253–338)

180 (IQR, 149–209)*

201 (IQR, 165–230)*

 < 0.001

Components of sarcopenia

 Appendicular skeletal muscle index (kg/m2)

7.3 ± 0.9

7.1 ± 0.8

6.9 ± 0.9*

0.038

 Hand grip (kg)

26.4 (IQR, 20.5–29.5)

22.4 (IQR, 19.7–28.8)

21.7 (IQR, 19.9–25.1)*

0.007

 Sit to stand-5 (s)

7.2 (IQR, 6.8–7.9)

8.9 (IQR, 8.2–9.5)*

8.8 (IQR, 8.3–10.2)*

 < 0.001

Preference and medication

 Smoker (%)

24

27

24

0.907

 Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (%)

0

60*

69*

 < 0.001

Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (%)

4

46*

59*

 < 0.001

 β blocker (%)

0

60*

65*

 < 0.001

 Calcium-channel blocker (%)

0

38*

57*

 < 0.001

 Diuretic (%)

0

6

4

0.220

 Statin (%)

34

98*

84*

 < 0.001

 Fibrate (%)

10

0

4

0.062

 Ezetimibe (%)

22

40*

76*

 < 0.001

 Biguanide (%)

0

0

78*, †

 < 0.001

 Sulphonylurea (%)

0

0

69*, †

 < 0.001

 α-glucosidase inhibitor (%)

0

0

20*, †

 < 0.001

 Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (%)

0

0

25*, †

 < 0.001

 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (%)

0

0

22*, †

 < 0.001

Biochemical analysis and blood pressure

 Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)

224 (IQR, 211–232)

226 (IQR, 215–232)

220 (IQR, 213–229)

0.741

 Low–density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)

124 (IQR, 117–131)

142 (IQR, 134–151)*

140 (IQR, 133–144)*

 < 0.001

 High–density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)

58 (IQR, 54–62)

51 (IQR, 43–55)*

51 (IQR, 44–56)*

 < 0.001

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

130 (IQR, 117–142)

152 (IQR, 141–168)*

152 (IQR, 142–171)*

 < 0.001

 Hemoglobin A1c (%)

5.6 (IQR, 5.4–5.7)

5.2 (IQR, 4.9–5.4)*

9.7 (IQR, 9.1–10.2)*, †

 < 0.001

 Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

118 (IQR, 102–122)

98 (IQR, 93–105)*

159 (IQR, 149–168)*, †

 < 0.001

 HOMA-IR (%)

1.7 (IQR, 1.6–2.1)

1.3 (IQR, 1.1–1.5)*

3.5 (IQR, 3.0–3.8)*, †

 < 0.001

 eGFR at cystatin C (mL/min/1.73m2)

71 (IQR, 70–78)

58 (IQR, 55–63)*

50 (IQR, 47–54)*, †

 < 0.001

 Brain natriuretic peptide (pg/mL)

18 (IQR, 17–21)

173 (IQR, 148–209) *

202 (IQR, 173–219)*

 < 0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

14.0 (IQR, 13.4–14.4)

13.3 (IQR, 12.8–13.8)*

12.4 (IQR, 12.1–13.1)*, †

 < 0.001

 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

126 (IQR, 122–128)

142 (IQR, 124–148)*

142 (IQR, 128–148)*

 < 0.001

 Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

72 (IQR, 66–75)

68 (IQR, 66–75)

66 (IQR, 63–72)

0.067

  1. Normal distribution data are expressed as means ± standard deviations, non-normal distribution data are expressed as medians, and nominal variables are expressed as percentages.
  2. HFpEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, IQR interquartile range, NYHA New York Heart Association, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
  3. *P < 0.05 vs the Control group
  4. P < 0.05 vs the HFpEF-without-T2DM group