Table 2 Demographics, Anthropometry, Laboratory and MR measures of Study Cohort

Demographic and anthropometric data

 Age, years, mean ± SD (range)

30.1 ± 7.5 (20–51)

32.0 ± 7.5 (20–51)

29.7 ± 7.4 (21–51)

0.09

 Sex (female), n (%)

38 (43.2)

20 (43.5)

18 (42.9)

0.95

 BMI, kg/m², median (IQR)/ mean ± SD

27.7 (9.9)

30.4 ± 1.9

20.4 ± 1.4

 < 0.001*

 Waist circumference, cm, mean ± SD

87.3 ± 15.8

99.7 ± 11.5

73.8 ± 5.0

 < 0.001*

 Hip circumference, cm, mean ± SD

100.3 ± 8.4

107.2 ± 4.1

92.8 ± 4.2

 < 0.001*

 Heart rate, b.p.m, mean ± SD

75.8 ± 8.2

77.3 ± 8.2

74.3 ± 8.1

0.09

 Systolic BP, mmHg, mean ± SD

116.7 ± 13.2

124.0 ± 9.7

108.7 ± 11.8

 < 0.001*

 Diastolic BP, mmHg, mean ± SD

75.6 ± 8.6

79.2 ± 6.5

71.6 ± 8.9

 < 0.001*

Laboratory, median (IQR)

 AST, U/L

20.0 (8.8)

21.5 (10.8)

18.5 (8.0)

0.06

 ALT, U/L

20.5 (20.0)

30.5 (28.5)

14 (9.3)

 < 0.001*

 TC, mmol/L

4.3 (1.4)

4.6 (1.6)

4.0 (1.0)

0.001*

 TG, mmol/L

0.8 (1.3)

1.6 (2.6)

0.5 (0.3)

 < 0.001*

 HDL-C, mmol/L

1.4 (0.5)

1.2 (1.5)

1.6 (0.4)

 < 0.001*

 LDL-C, mmol/L

2.3 (1.1)

2.5 (3.4)

1.9 (0.8)

0.001*

 Fasting serum glucose, mmol/L

5.0 (0.8)

5.5 (0.8)

4.8 (0.4)

 < 0.001*

 2-h serum glucose, mmol/L

5.0 (2.1)

6.2 (2.4)

4.5 (0.7)

 < 0.001*

Hypertension, n (%)

27 (30.7)

27 (58.7)

0 (0.0)

NA

Prediabetes, n (%)

20 (22.7)

20 (43.5)

0 (0.0)

NA

MetS, n (%)

19 (21.6)

19 (41.3)

0 (0.0)

NA

MR-based Cardiac measures, mean ± SD

 EAT, cm³

34.3 ± 18.3

47.9 ± 14.6

19.4 ± 6.9

 < 0.001*

 LVM, g

84.1 ± 19.5

90.6 ± 19.6

77.1 ± 17.0

0.002*

 LVMT, mm

5.9 ± 0.8

5.97 ± 0.83

5.77 ± 0.71

0.20

 LVEF, %, (range)

61.7 ± 4.9 (50.0–71.7)

62.7 ± 4.7 (54.7–71.7)

60.6 ± 5.0(50.0–69.8)

0.10

 LVEDV, mL

144.8 ± 28.5

159.1 ± 27.2

129.1 ± 20.7

 < 0.001*

 LVESV, mL

56.0 ± 12.5

59.9 ± 13.5

51.6 ± 9.7

0.01*

 SV, mL

88.8 ± 19.9

99.2 ± 17.7

77.4 ± 15.6

 < 0.001*

 R-PS, %

33.6 ± 5.4

32.1 ± 5.0

35.2 ± 5.5

0.02*

 C-PS, %

− 20.0 ± 2.0

− 19.6 ± 1.9

− 20.4 ± 2.0

0.047*

 L-PS, %

− 14.5 ± 2.7

− 13.3 ± 2.8

− 15.8 ± 2.0

 < 0.001*

 R-PSSR, s⁻¹

1.99 ± 0.72

1.86 ± 0.43

2.15 ± 0.92

0.10

 C-PSSR, s⁻¹

− 1.04 ± 0.17

− 1.01 ± 0.12

− 1.08 ± 0.20

0.16

 L-PSSR, s⁻¹

− 0.79 ± 0.19

− 0.76 ± 0.20

− 0.84 ± 0.17

0.02*

 R-PDSR, s⁻¹

− 2.65 ± 0.64

− 2.57 ± 0.56

− 2.74 ± 0.72

0.41

 C-PDSR, s⁻¹

1.39 ± 0.28

1.32 ± 0.24

1.48 ± 0.30

0.02*

 L-PDSR, s⁻¹

0.93 ± 0.26

0.83 ± 0.24

1.04 ± 0.25

 < 0.001*

MR-based abdominal measures, mean ± SD

 H-PDFF, %

5.0 ± 4.8

7.7 ± 5.3

2.1 ± 0.5

 < 0.001*

 P-PDFF, %

3.6 ± 2.9

5.2 ± 3.1

1.8 ± 0.9

 < 0.001*

 SAT, cm²

168.1 ± 100.0

251.5 ± 60.3

76.7 ± 29.1

 < 0.001*

 VAT, cm²

75.6 ± 53.9

114.7 ± 46.8

32.6 ± 12.8

 < 0.001*

 Hepatic shear stiffness, kPa

2.35 ± 0.36

2.41 ± 0.37

2.29 ± 0.35

0.23