Table 1 Clinical characteristics, inflammatory data, optical coherence tomography (OCT) data and drug therapy at baseline and follow-up in the study cohorts
Clinical characteristics | Baseline | Six months | Twelve months | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SGLT2-I users (n 111) | Non-SGLT2-I users (n 258) | P value | SGLT2-I users (n 111) | Non-SGLT2-I users (n 258) | P value | SGLT2-I users (n 111) | Non-SGLT2-I users (n 258) | P value | |
Age, years | 66.4 ± 5.5 | 65.4 ± 5.9 | 0.342 | – | – | – | – | ||
Male, n (%) | 62 (56.9) | 149 (57.8) | 0.819 | – | – | – | – | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.2 ± 1.6 | 28.5 ± 1.9 | 0.126 | 27.5 ± 1.2 | 28.2 ± 1.8 | 0.001* | 27.3 ± 0.9 | 28.1 ± 1.3 | 0.001* |
Current smokers, n (%) | 13 (11.7) | 33 (12.8) | 0.864 | 11 (9.9) | 31 (12.0) | 0.559 | 10 (9.0) | 27 (10.5) | 0.669 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 58 (52.3) | 147 (57) | 0.425 | 62 (55.9) | 157 (60.9) | 0.370 | 64 (57.7) | 163 (63.2) | 0.318 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 69 (62.2) | 168 (65.1) | 0.636 | 73 (65.5) | 177 (68.6) | 0.593 | 77 (69.4) | 184 (71.3) | 0.706 |
Glycaemia (mg/dL) | 198.8 ± 24.6 | 194.1 ± 26.5 | 0.108 | 148.5 ± 35.2 | 162.4 ± 27.4 | 0.001* | 138.1 ± 21.4 | 150.1 ± 27.3 | 0.010* |
Hb1Ac (%) | 6.5 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 0.169 | 5.8 ± 0.4 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 0.011* | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 0.001* |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 203.5 ± 21.5 | 207.2 ± 19.1 | 0.108 | 188.2 ± 23.2 | 190.1 ± 19.1 | 0.496 | 183.1 ± 19.6 | 184.4 ± 13.9 | 0.516 |
HDL | 38.2 ± 3.2 | 37.9 ± 3.4 | 0.327 | 44.4 ± 3.7 | 43.8 ± 3.9 | 0.268 | 48.1 ± 5.7 | 47.5 ± 6.1 | 0.221 |
LDL | 128.7 ± 21.9 | 129.5 ± 18.7 | 0.324 | 114.6 ± 19.6 | 117.9 ± 17.3 | 0.107 | 105.3 ± 16.3 | 108.0 ± 14.4 | 0.125 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 84.8 ± 7.5 | 85.4 ± 9.1 | 0.559 | 80.2 ± 8.7 | 80.7 ± 10.0 | 0.582 | 71.9 ± 8.7 | 72.3 ± 9.8 | 0.602 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127.4 ± 7.9 | 126.1 ± 10.6 | 0.226 | 124.8 ± 8.5 | 125.3 ± 10.2 | 0.651 | 123.5 ± 8.3 | 124.8 ± 10.3 | 0.235 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.7 ± 7.5 | 78.9 ± 7.3 | 0.349 | 77.8 ± 8.6 | 78.9 ± 7.3 | 0.222 | 77.3 ± 8.1 | 78.4 ± 6.5 | 0.170 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.97 ± 0.15 | 0.98 ± 0.20 | 0.549 | 1.02 ± 0.15 | 1.04 ± 0.16 | 0.919 | 1.10 ± 0.13 | 1.09 ± 0.16 | 0.816 |
hs-TnT (ng/mL) | 1.01 ± 0.51 | 1.09 ± 0.70 | 0.193 | 0.87 ± 0.28 | 0.95 ± 0.33 | 0.160 | 0.66 ± 0.19 | 0.69 ± 0.24 | 0.455 |
BNP (pg/mL) | 45.9 ± 30.4 | 48.3 ± 34.4 | 0.536 | 36.5 ± 27.4 | 51.7 ± 33.6 | 0.001* | 31.1 ± 20.6 | 55.4 ± 25.2 | 0.001* |
LVEF (%) | 58.2 ± 3.9 | 58.0 ± 4.2 | 0.488 | 58.0 ± 4.0 | 57.8 ± 4.2 | 0.744 | 58.6 ± 4.8 | 58.2 ± 6.0 | 0.127 |
Inflammatory markers | |||||||||
WBC (×106) | 7.63 ± 0.58 | 7.72 ± 0.76 | 0.293 | 7.48 ± 0.65 | 7.84 ± 0.68 | 0.001* | 7.27 ± 0.62 | 7.87 ± 0.69 | 0.001* |
Granulocytes (×106) | 4.62 ± 0.70 | 4.74 ± 0.62 | 0.121 | 4.45 ± 0.70 | 4.85 ± 0.61 | 0.001* | 4.27 ± 0.62 | 5.02 ± 0.33 | 0.001* |
Monocytes (×103) | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.079 | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 0.012* | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.06 | 0.001* |
Platelets (×103) | 267.23 ± 28.11 | 269.71 ± 29.13 | 0.449 | 247.14 ± 31.7 | 252.43 ± 32.26 | 0.213 | 234.71 ± 37.18 | 238.21 ± 40.88 | 0.439 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 327.90 ± 32.34 | 333.59 ± 36.64 | 0.141 | 320.93 ± 32.36 | 326.12 ± 64.67 | 0.132 | 318.93 ± 33.42 | 324.30 ± 34.74 | 0.144 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 2.45 ± 1.28 | 2.36 ± 0.78 | 0.389 | 2.28 ± 1.11 | 3.46 ± 0.62 | 0.001* | 2.01 ± 0.80 | 3.69 ± 0.72 | 0.001* |
IL-6 (pg/dL) | 365.82 ± 45.51 | 352.49 ± 87.50 | 0.130 | 269.29 ± 45.51 | 282.72 ± 63.69 | 0.041* | 250.33 ± 69.09 | 271.65 ± 66.01 | 0.002* |
TNFα (mg/dL) | 3.59 ± 1.12 | 3.51 ± 1.01 | 0.367 | 3.42 ± 0.92 | 5.33 ± 0.80 | 0.001* | 3.36 ± 1.3 | 5.55 ± 0.76 | 0.001* |
Nitrotyrosine (pg/dL) | 0.26 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.258 | 0.37 ± 0.12 | 0.50 ± 0.10 | 0.001* | 0.43 ± 0.12 | 0.54 ± 0.11 | 0.001* |
OCT data | |||||||||
Minimum FCT (µm) | 126.09 ± 23.88 | 128.39 ± 18.98 | 0.326 | – | – | 170.29 ± 23.88 | 163.19 ± 18.98 | 0.003* | |
Lipid arc (°) | 134.55 ± 30.49 | 132.82 ± 23.17 | 0.550 | – | – | 96.17 ± 30.49 | 109.82 ± 23.17 | 0.002* | |
Lipid length (mm) | 8.68 ± 1.98 | 8.40 ± 1.90 | 0.202 | – | – | 8.08 ± 1.99 | 7.79 ± 1.90 | 0.202 | |
Macrophage grade | 12.04 ± 2.35 | 12.18 ± 2.43 | 0.609 | – | – | 6.97 ± 2.35 | 9.60 ± 2.88 | 0.001* | |
Drug therapy | |||||||||
BBs, n (%) | 42 (37.8) | 102 (39.5) | 0.759 | 45 (40.5) | 110 (42.6) | 0.976 | 46 (41.4) | 112 (43.4) | 0.726 |
CCBs, n (%) | 26 (23.4) | 65 (25.2) | 0.717 | 29 (26.1) | 74 (28.7) | 0.616 | 32 (28.8) | 78 (30.2) | 0.787 |
ACEI, n (%) | 28 (25.5) | 64 (34.8) | 0.932 | 29 (26.1) | 66 (25.6) | 0.913 | 29 (26.1) | 70 (27.1) | 0.842 |
ARB, n (%) | 26 (23.4) | 62 (24.0) | 0.961 | 27 (24.3) | 66 (25.6) | 0.799 | 28 (25.2) | 71 (27.5) | 0.648 |
Statins, n (%) | 58 (52.3) | 147 (57) | 0.425 | 69 (62.2) | 175 (67.8) | 0.291 | 73 (65.8) | 180 (69.8) | 0.448 |
ASA (%) | 67 (60.4) | 151 (58.5) | 0.743 | 89 (80.2) | 203 (78.8) | 0.745 | 94 (84.7) | 212 (82.2) | 0.556 |
Clopidrogel (%) | 21 (18.9) | 46 (17.8) | 0.803 | 24 (21.6) | 54 (20.9) | 0.881 | 26 (23.4) | 59 (22.9) | 0.908 |
DAPT (%) | 17 (15.3) | 36 (14.0) | 0.732 | 93 (83.8) | 218 (84.5) | 0.863 | 94 (84.7) | 223 (86.4) | 0.658 |
Loop diuretics, n (%) | 13 (11.7) | 35 (13.6) | 0.627 | 15 (13.5) | 38 (14.7) | 0.760 | 16 (14.4) | 38 (14.7) | 0.937 |
Tyazides, n (%) | 11 (9.9) | 27 (10.5) | 0.872 | 13 (11.7) | 31 (12.0) | 0.934 | 15 (13.5) | 33 (12.8) | 0.867 |
Insulin, n (%) | 13 (11.7) | 28 (10.9) | 0.810 | 14 (12.6) | 31 (12.0) | 0.876 | 15 (13.5) | 37 (14.3) | 0.834 |
Metformin, n (%) | 48 (43.2) | 110 (42.6) | 0.914 | 50 (45.0) | 119 (46.1) | 0.849 | 52 (46.8) | 124 (48.1) | 0.829 |
Incretins, n (%) | 32 (29.1) | 79 (30.6) | 0.78 | 36 (29.8) | 85 (32.9) | 0.923 | 41 (36.9) | 97 (37.6) | 0.415 |
DPP4-I | 23 (71.8) | 52 (65.8) | 7 | 25 (69.4) | 61 (71.8) | 29 (70.7) | 70 (72.2) | ||
GLP-1 RA | 9 (28.2) | 27 (34.2) | 11 (30.6) | 24 (28.2) | 12 (29.3) | 27 (27.8) | |||