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Table 1 Baseline study cohort characteristics by CAC progression

From: Visceral adipose tissue is an independent predictor and mediator of the progression of coronary calcification: a prospective sub-analysis of the GEA study

 

Total N = 862

No progression N = 729

Progression N = 133

pc

Clinical variables

 Age (years)

52.9 ± 8.9

51.9 ± 8.7

58.3 ± 8.2

 < 0.0001

 Male (%)

47.2

42.5

72.9

 < 0.0001

 Follow-up (years)

4.8 (4.5–5.3)

4.7 (4.5–5.2)

4.8 (4.6–5.7)

 < 0.05

 Smoking (%)

17.3

17.6

15.6

NS

 Systolic BP (mmHg)

114.7 ± 16.0

113 ± 15.0

124.7 ± 18.0

 < 0.0001

 Diastolic BP (mmHg)

71.2 ± 9.1

70.0 ± 8.6

75.8 ± 10.3

 < 0.0001

 Antihypertensive use (%)

17.6

17.6

18.0

NS

 Statin use (%)

10.0

9.1

15.0

 < 0.05

Biochemical variables

 TC (mg/dL)

194.0 ± 37.1

193.5 ± 36.4

197.2 ± 40.9

NS

 LDL-C (mg/dL)

119.1 ± 32.1

118.7 ± 31.7

121.2 ± 33.9

NS

 TG (mg/dL)

146 (107–201)

142 (106–197)

157 (118–212)

0.07

 HDL-C (mg/dL)

46.5 ± 13.4

46.8 ± 13.4

44.8 ± 13.2

NS

 Glucose (mg/dL)

90.1 ± 9.2

89.6 ± 9.1

93.4 ± 9.4

 < 0.0001

Insulin resistance variables

 HOMA-IR

3.6 (2.6–5.2)

3.5 (2.5–5.0)

4.6 (2.9–5.8)

 < 0.0001

 METS-IR

43.7 ± 9.2

43.4 ± 9.2

45.4 ± 9.1

 < 0.05

 ADIPO-IR

9.2 (6.0–13.9)

8.9 (5.9–13.5)

10.4 (6.4–15.9)

NS

 Adiponectin (μg/mL)

8.1 (5.0–12.9)

8.4 (5.1–13.4)

6.7 (4.2–11.3)

 < 0.01

 C-reactive protein (mg/L)

1.5 (0.8–3.0)

1.5 (0.8–3.0)

1.6 (1.0–2.8)

NS

Adiposity measures

 BMI (Kg/m2)

28.2 ± 4.3

28.1 ± 4.3

28.9 ± 4.1

0.06

 WC (cm)

94.0 ± 11.5

93.2 ± 11.5

97.8 ± 10.6

 < 0.0001

 VAT (cm2)

145 (106–185)

137 (103–176)

175 (136–212)

 < 0.0001

 SAT (cm2)

283 (208–354)

286(210–362)

262 (199–338)

0.08

 PVF (cm3)b

41.8 (29.2–56.5)

40.7 (28.2–56.0)

46.1 (32.9–63.9)

0.01

 METS-VF

7.0 ± 0.5

6.9 ± 0.5

7.2 ± 0.4

 < 0.0001

Cardiovascular risk

 ASCVD score

3.1 (1.3–6.9)

2.5 (1.2–5.7)

7.3 (4.6–12.9)

 < 0.0001

 Baseline Agatston scorea

0 (0–935)

0 (0–673)

11 (0–935)

 < 0.0001

 Follow-up Agatston scorea

0 (0–1792)

0 (0–768)

75 (6–1792)

 < 0.0001

  1. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), percentage or amedian (min–max)
  2. BMI body mass index, VAT visceral adipose tissue, SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue, bPVF perivascular fat (n = 628) METS-VF metabolic score for visceral fat estimation, TC total cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostatic model for insulin resistance, METS-IR metabolic score for insulin resistance estimation, ADIPO-IR adipose tissue insulin resistance, BP blood pressure, ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score
  3. ct-student test, Mann Whitney, or Chi-square, as correspond