Fig. 5

IFN-γ and TGF-β as possible factors mediating CCL18-induced CD4⁺ T cell response

A diagram of cytokine secretions from different subsets of CD4⁺ T cells based on literature. b The volcano plot, representing the inverse log of the p-values (-log10) for each cytokine with respect to the rank difference between healthy (n = 13) and T2D (n = 13) groups (cohort 6). The volcano plot analysis was generated from the multiple Mann-Whitney test for five cytokines (TGFB, IFNG, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-5). Positively upregulated cytokines (IFNG and TGFB) during T2D are indicated in red. TGFB (c) and IFNG (d) expression in different WAT SVF populations (cohort 2). IFN-γ (e) and TGF-β (f) secretion in the CM from T cells treated without (n = 9) and with (n = 8) CCL18. One-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons was performed in (c) and (d). Unpaired t-test was performed in (e) and (f). **p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001.