Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients before and after propensity score matching
Variable | Before matching | After matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 8922) | GLP1RA (n = 759) | DPP4i (n = 8163) | STD | GLP1RA (n = 602) | DPP4i (n = 1479) | STD | |
Demographics | |||||||
 Age, years | 68.4 ± 11.5 | 65.3 ± 11.3 | 68.7 ± 11.5 | − 0.30 | 65.9 ± 11.5 | 66.3 ± 11.0 | − 0.04 |
 Male, n (%) | 4516 (50.6) | 389 (51.3) | 4127 (50.6) | 0.01 | 305 (50.7) | 784 (53.01) | − 0.05 |
 Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.0 ± 4.5 | 28.1 ± 4.9 | 25.7 ± 4.4 | 0.51 | 27.7 ± 4.8 | 27.3 ± 4.5 | 0.10 |
 Smoker, n (%) | 1696 (19.0) | 163 (21.5) | 1,533 (18.8) | 0.07 | 122 (20.3) | 299 (20.22) |  < 0.01 |
Severity of DM | |||||||
 Duration of DM, year | 6.4 ± 5.9 | 10.7 ± 6.2 | 6.0 ± 5.7 | 0.78 | 10.0 ± 6.2 | 8.8 ± 6.5 | 0.19 |
 Baseline HbA1c, mmol/mol Baseline HbA1c, % | 62 ± 21 7.8 ± 1.9 | 75 ± 22 9.0 ± 2.0 | 60 ± 19 7.6 ± 1.8 | 0.73 | 72 ± 19 8.7 ± 1.8 | 68 ± 24 8.4 ± 2.2 | 0.15 |
 DM retinopathy, n (%) | 2310 (25.9) | 321 (42.3) | 1989 (24.4) | 0.39 | 232 (38.5) | 491 (33.20) | 0.11 |
 DM neuropathy, n (%) | 2644 (29.6) | 463 (61.0) | 2181 (26.7) | 0.74 | 341 (56.6) | 733 (49.56) | 0.14 |
Kidney function and stage | |||||||
 eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 19.2 ± 14.8 | 20.8 ± 16.0 | 19.0 ± 14.6 | 0.12 | 20.7 ± 15.2 | 20.6 ± 16.3 |  < 0.01 |
 15–30, n (%) | 4123 (46.2) | 367 (48.4) | 3756 (46.0) | 0.05 | 291 (48.3) | 726 (49.09) | − 0.01 |
  < 15, n (%) | 1532 (17.2) | 68 (9.0) | 1464 (17.9) | − 0.27 | 60 (10.0) | 163 (11.02) | − 0.03 |
 Dialysis, n (%) | 3267 (36.6) | 324 (42.7) | 2943 (36.1) | 0.14 | 251 (41.7) | 590 (39.89) | 0.04 |
Baseline comorbidity | |||||||
 Hypertension, n (%) | 7862 (88.1) | 717 (94.5) | 7145 (87.5) | 0.24 | 563 (93.5) | 1364 (92.22) | 0.05 |
 Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 4560 (51.1) | 586 (77.2) | 3974 (48.7) | 0.62 | 442 (73.4) | 982 (66.40) | 0.15 |
 Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 2751 (30.8) | 323 (42.6) | 2428 (29.7) | 0.27 | 237 (39.4) | 536 (36.24) | 0.06 |
 Heart failure hospitalization, n (%) | 1438 (16.1) | 160 (21.1) | 1278 (15.7) | 0.14 | 120 (19.9) | 280 (18.93) | 0.03 |
 Coronary intervention, n (%) | 1027 (11.5) | 158 (20.8) | 869 (10.6) | 0.28 | 104 (17.3) | 241 (16.29) | 0.03 |
 Ischemic stroke, n (%) | 1023 (11.5) | 100 (13.2) | 923 (11.3) | 0.06 | 79 (13.1) | 166 (11.22) | 0.06 |
 Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 806 (9.0) | 124 (16.3) | 682 (8.4) | 0.24 | 84 (14.0) | 184 (12.44) | 0.04 |
 Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 708 (7.9) | 57 (7.5) | 651 (8.0) | − 0.02 | 44 (7.3) | 117 (7.91) | − 0.02 |
 Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | 1009 (11.3) | 121 (15.9) | 888 (10.9) | 0.15 | 90 (15.0) | 209 (14.13) | 0.02 |
Charlson’s Comorbidity Index score | 5.5 ± 2.8 | 6.6 ± 2.7 | 5.4 ± 2.8 | 0.42 | 6.5 ± 2.7 | 6.2 ± 2.8 | 0.11 |
Vital sign | |||||||
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 141.9 ± 25.5 | 142.5 ± 24.4 | 141.8 ± 25.6 | 0.03 | 142.1 ± 23.6 | 142.1 ± 23.9 |  < 0.01 |
 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 73.9 ± 13.6 | 74.7 ± 15.6 | 73.8 ± 13.4 | 0.06 | 74.5 ± 15.7 | 74.4 ± 13.0 | 0.01 |
 Heart rate, beat/min | 82.2 ± 14.8 | 82.8 ± 13.8 | 82.1 ± 14.9 | 0.05 | 83.0 ± 13.7 | 82.9 ± 13.9 | 0.01 |
Biochemistry data | |||||||
 Triglyceride, mg/dL | 184.6 ± 133.2 | 224.9 ± 162.6 | 180.5 ± 129.2 | 0.30 | 211.9 ± 144.4 | 201.0 ± 143.6 | 0.08 |
 Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 173.4 ± 50.1 | 172.5 ± 51.1 | 173.5 ± 50.0 | − 0.02 | 171.8 ± 46.7 | 172.4 ± 48.1 | − 0.01 |
 High-Density Lipoprotein, mg/dL | 40.8 ± 13.4 | 39.8 ± 13.2 | 40.9 ± 13.5 | − 0.08 | 40.4 ± 12.2 | 40.6 ± 12.7 | − 0.01 |
 Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 74.5 ± 14.1 | 72.7 ± 14.9 | 74.7 ± 14.0 | − 0.14 | 73.1 ± 13.5 | 73.5 ± 14.2 | − 0.03 |
 UACR, mg/g | 974 [130, 3006] | 1036 [149, 2791] | 967 [129, 3014] | NA | 2138 [769, 3427] | 2221 [898, 3400] | NA |
Concomitant glucose lowering therapies | |||||||
 Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 5349 (60.0) | 479 (63.1) | 4870 (59.7) | 0.07 | 377 (62.6) | 904 (61.12) | 0.03 |
 Thiazolidinedione, n (%) | 757 (8.5) | 180 (23.7) | 577 (7.1) | 0.47 | 121 (20.1) | 217 (14.67) | 0.14 |
 Glinide, n (%) | 1930 (21.6) | 140 (18.4) | 1790 (21.9) | − 0.09 | 117 (19.4) | 280 (18.93) | 0.01 |
 Alpha glucosidase, n (%) | 1193 (13.4) | 152 (20.0) | 1041 (12.8) | 0.20 | 116 (19.3) | 254 (17.17) | 0.05 |
 SGLT2i, n (%) | 178 (2.0) | 64 (8.4) | 114 (1.40) | 0.33 | 44 (7.3) | 86 (5.81) | 0.06 |
 Insulin, n (%) | 2792 (31.3) | 310 (40.8) | 2482 (30.4) | 0.22 | 237 (39.4) | 545 (36.85) | 0.05 |
Concomitant cardiovascular agents | |||||||
 ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 5485 (61.5) | 485 (63.9) | 5000 (61.3) | 0.05 | 384 (63.8) | 936 (63.29) | 0.01 |
 Beta-blocker, n (%) | 3128 (35.1) | 321 (42.3) | 2807 (34.4) | 0.16 | 252 (41.9) | 577 (39.01) | 0.06 |
 DCCB, n (%) | 6050 (67.8) | 505 (66.5) | 5545 (67.9) | − 0.03 | 397 (65.9) | 998 (67.48) | − 0.03 |
 Thiazide, n (%) | 352 (3.9) | 32 (4.2) | 320 (3.9) | 0.01 | 22 (3.7) | 55 (3.72) |  < 0.01 |
 MRA, n (%) | 630 (7.1) | 59 (7.8) | 571 (7.0) | 0.03 | 47 (7.8) | 110 (7.44) | 0.01 |
 Nitrates, n (%) | 2249 (25.2) | 204 (26.9) | 2045 (25.1) | 0.04 | 154 (25.6) | 393 (26.57) | − 0.02 |
 Vasodilator, n (%) | 950 (10.6) | 70 (9.2) | 880 (10.8) | − 0.05 | 62 (10.3) | 157 (10.62) | − 0.01 |
 Statins, n (%) | 4372 (49.0) | 566 (74.6) | 3806 (46.6) | 0.60 | 428 (71.1) | 1000 (67.61) | 0.08 |
 Fibrates, n (%) | 647 (7.3) | 96 (12.6) | 551 (6.7) | 0.20 | 65 (10.8) | 139 (9.40) | 0.05 |
 Aspirin, n (%) | 3007 (33.7) | 303 (39.9) | 2704 (33.1) | 0.14 | 232 (38.5) | 566 (38.27) | 0.01 |
 Clopidogrel/Ticagrelor/Prasugrel, n (%) | 1662 (18.6) | 179 (23.6) | 1483 (18.2) | 0.13 | 136 (22.6) | 332 (22.45) |  < 0.01 |
Follow-up, year | 3.2 ± 2.5 | 2.1 ± 1.8 | 3.3 ± 2.6 | − 0.53 | 2.2 ± 2.0 | 2.1 ± 2.1 | 0.06 |