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Table 5 Adjusted risk of cardiovascular outcomes among patients initiating SGLT2i compared to non-gliflozin therapies, using alternative definitions for HF subtypes

From: Cardiovascular outcomes with SGLT2 inhibitors versus DPP4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction

HFrEF

SGLT2i versus DPP4i

SGLT2i versus GLP-1RA

HF alternative definition 1a

 HF hospitalizations

0.68 (0.64, 0.72)

0.84 (0.79, 0.91)

 MI or stroke hospitalizations

0.92 (0.83, 1.03)

1.01 (0.87, 1.11)

HF alternative definition 2a

 HF hospitalizations

0.68 (0.64, 0.71)

0.85 (0.80, 0.90)

 MI or stroke hospitalizations

0.91 (0.82, 1.01)

1.00 (0.87, 1.14)

HF alternative definition 3a

 HF hospitalizations

0.71 (0.66, 0.77)

0.86 (0.79, 0.94)

 MI or stroke hospitalizations

0.88 (0.75, 1.03)

1.04 (0.86, 1.26)

Year ≤ 2016

 HF hospitalizations

0.67 (0.59, 0.77)

0.82 (0.71, 0.94)

 MI or stroke hospitalizations

0.70 (0.53, 0.94)

1.00 (0.75, 1.34)

Year > 2016

 HF hospitalizations

0.61 (0.55, 0.67)

0.84 (0.76, 0.92)

 MI or stroke hospitalizations

0.93 (0.77, 1.11)

0.93 (0.76, 1.22)

HFpEF

SGLT2i versus DPP4i

SGLT2i versus GLP-1RA

HF alternative definition 1a

 HF hospitalizations

0.63 (0.60, 0.67)

0.85 (0.80, 0.91)

 MI or stroke hospitalizations

0.88 (0.79, 0.98)

0.97 (0.85, 1.10)

HF alternative definition 2a

 HF hospitalizations

0.63 (0.60, 0.66)

0.83 (0.79, 0.88)

 MI or stroke hospitalizations

0.90 (0.81, 0.99)

0.96 (0.85, 1.08)

HF alternative definition 3a

 HF hospitalizations

0.66 (0.62, 0.72)

0.88 (0.81, 0.95)

 MI or stroke hospitalizations

0.90 (0.78, 1.03)

0.98 (0.83, 1.17)

Year ≤ 2016

 HF hospitalizations

0.70 (0.63, 0.79)

0.91 (0.83, 1.05)

 MI or stroke hospitalizations

0.89 (0.71, 1.12)

1.05 (0.81, 1.35)

Year > 2016

 HF hospitalizations

0.59 (0.54, 0.64)

0.84 (0.76, 0.92)

 MI or stroke hospitalizations

0.89 (0.75, 1.05)

0.93 (0.76, 1.13)

  1. SGLT2i: sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; DPP4i: dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors; GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; CI: confidence intervals; IR: incidence rate; HR: hazard ratio
  2. Hazard ratios adjusted for variables described in Table 1 using stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting
  3. aFor the primary analysis, the cohort was restricted to patients with codes corresponding to HFrEF or HFpEF in either the first or second position in the discharge diagnosis. We conducted sensitivity analysis where we reconstructed the cohort to patients with the relevant diagnoses at any inpatient discharge diagnosis (alternative definition 1), or any inpatient or outpatient diagnosis (alternative definition 2). Finally, in the third sensitivity analysis, we excluded patients with a recent HF hospitalization within 30 days of index (alternative definition 3). For all analysis, no patient could have diagnosis of HFrEF and HFpEF at the same time, and IPTW was recalculated for each cohort