Risks of stroke, its subtypes and atrial fibrillation associated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists versus sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: a real-world population-based cohort study in Hong Kong

Table 2 Incidence and risk of stroke and atrial fibrillation between SGLT2i and GLP-1RA groups after one-to-one propensity score matching

	Number of case (%)	Incidence rate per 100 person-years (95% CI)	Person-years	Median follow-up month (IQR)	Incidence rate ratio (95% CI)	P-value	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P-value
All stroke
All patients	111 (1.9%)	0.94 (0.78,1.14)	11,771	17 (8–34)
SGLT2i	62 (2.1%)	1.10 (0.86,1.41)	5621	19 (8–35)	1.38 (0.95,2.01)	0.089	1.46 (0.99,2.17)	0.058
GLP-1RA	49 (1.7%)	0.80 (0.60,1.05)	6150	17 (8–34)	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
Hemorrhagic stroke
All patients	23 (0.4%)	0.19 (0.13,0.29)	11,918	17 (8–34)
SGLT2i	11 (0.4%)	0.19 (0.11,0.35)	5683	19 (9–35)	1.01 (0.44,2.28)	0.989	1.29 (0.53,3.14)	0.582
GLP-1RA	12 (0.4%)	0.19 (0.11,0.34)	6236	16 (7–32)	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
Ischemic stroke
All patients	98 (1.7%)	0.83 (0.68,1.01)	11,780	17 (8–34)
SGLT2i	57 (2.0%)	1.01 (0.78,1.31)	5628	19 (8–35)	1.52 (1.02,2.27)	0.041*	1.53 (1.01,2.33)	0.044*
GLP-1RA	41 (1.4%)	0.67 (0.49,0.91)	6152	16 (7–32)	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
Cardioembolic stroke
All patients	25 (0.4%)	0.21 (0.14,0.31)	11,906	17 (8–34)
SGLT2i	14 (0.5%)	0.25 (0.15,0.42)	5676	19 (9–35)	1.40 (0.63,3.08)	0.407	1.40 (0.62,3.17)	0.414
GLP-1RA	11 (0.4%)	0.18 (0.10,0.32)	6230	16 (7–32)	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
Incident atrial fibrillation
All patients	50 (0.9%)	0.43 (0.33,0.57)	11,648	17 (8–34)
SGLT2i	15 (0.5%)	0.27 (0.16,0.45)	5574	19 (9–35)	0.47 (0.26,0.86)	0.014*	0.43 (0.23,0.79)	0.006*
GLP-1RA	35 (1.2%)	0.58 (0.41,0.80)	6074	16 (7–32)	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)

The baseline covariates included in the logistic regression model for propensity score matching were sex, age, hemoglobin A1c, fasting glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglyceride, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria status, duration of diabetes, history of congestive heart failure, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease, severe hypoglycemia, atrial fibrillation, vascular diseases, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy, and use of anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, lipid-lowering agents, antiplatelets, and anticoagulants
SGLT2i, Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; GLP-1RA, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; CI, Confidence interval; IQR, Interquartile range
*Significant at 0.05 level by Poisson regression model or Cox proportional hazard regression model, as appropriate

ISSN: 1475-2840