Factors, mean (standard deviation) or % (n) | All patients (N = 5840) | SGLT2i (N = 2920) | GLP-1RA (N = 2920) | ASMD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.010 | |||
 Male | 56.1% (3274) | 55.8% (1630) | 56.3% (1644) |  |
 Female | 43.9% (2566) | 44.2% (1290) | 43.7% (1276) |  |
Age, years | 55.5 (12.5) | 55.4 (12.4) | 55.6 (12.6) | 0.017 |
Clinical and laboratory parameters | ||||
Hemoglobin A1c, % | 8.9 (1.7) | 8.9 (1.7) | 8.9 (1.7) | 0.029 |
Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 9.5 (3.6) | 9.5 (3.6) | 9.5 (3.6) | 0.010 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 137.4 (23.0) | 137.1 (22.1) | 137.7 (22.1) | 0.028 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 79.0 (14.5) | 78.9 (14.9) | 79.2 (14.1) | 0.017 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.3 (0.8) | 2.3 (0.8) | 2.2 (0.8) | 0.009 |
Total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio | 4.0 (1.3) | 4.0 (1.4) | 4.0 (1.2) | 0.019 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.5) | 2.0 (1.4) | 0.046 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.2 (6.6) | 29.9 (6.7) | 30.4 (6.5) | 0.087 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate | 0.020 | |||
 ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73m2 | 72.2% (4217) | 72.6% (2121) | 71.8% (2095) |  |
 < 60 mL/min/1.73m2 | 27.8% (1623) | 27.4% (799) | 28.2% (825) |  |
Status of microalbuminuria/macroalbuminuria | 0.016 | |||
 Normal | 44.4% (2591) | 44.2% (1290) | 44.6% (1,301) |  |
 Microalbuminuria | 34.6% (2019) | 35.0% (1021) | 34.2% (999) |  |
 Macroalbuminuria | 21.1% (1229) | 20.9% (609) | 21.2% (620) |  |
Duration of diabetes, year | 13.7 (8.8) | 13.7 (8.7) | 13.8 (9.0) | 0.010 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Atrial fibrillation | 2.2% (131) | 2.1% (62) | 2.4% (69) | 0.016 |
Congestive heart failure | 4.4% (259) | 4.3% (127) | 4.5% (132) | 0.008 |
Stroke | 6.0% (351) | 5.7% (166) | 6.3% (185) | 0.027 |
 Hemorrhagic stroke | 1.0% (58) | 0.9% (25) | 1.1% (33) | 0.028 |
 Ischemic stroke | 5.4% (317) | 5.2% (151) | 5.7% (166) | 0.023 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 3.3% (191) | 3.4% (100) | 3.1% (91) | 0.017 |
Liver disease | 0.9% (52) | 0.9% (27) | 0.9% (25) | 0.007 |
Severe hypoglycemia | 4.9% (288) | 4.9% (143) | 5.0% (145) | 0.003 |
Vascular disease | 13.4% (783) | 13.2% (384) | 13.7% (399) | 0.015 |
Diabetic retinopathy | 15.2% (890) | 15.3% (448) | 15.1% (442) | 0.006 |
Diabetic neuropathy | 3.7% (216) | 3.8% (110) | 3.6% (106) | 0.007 |
Baseline medications | ||||
Anti-diabetic medications | ||||
 Insulin | 71.8% (4192) | 73.0% (2131) | 70.6% (2061) | 0.053 |
 Metformin | 84.2% (4918) | 84.7% (2474) | 83.7% (2444) | 0.028 |
 Sulfonylurea | 43.9% (2564) | 43.5% (1271) | 44.3% (1293) | 0.015 |
 Thiazolidinedione | 23.5% (1372) | 24.0% (701) | 23.0% (671) | 0.024 |
 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors | 37.7% (2201) | 37.8% (1103) | 37.6% (1098) | 0.004 |
 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 1.7% (98) | 1.4% (42) | 1.9% (56) | 0.037 |
Anti-hypertensive medications | ||||
 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers | 74.9% (4372) | 74.5% (2174) | 75.3% (2198) | 0.019 |
 Beta blockers | 39.3% (2297) | 39.0% (1139) | 39.7% (1158) | 0.013 |
 Calcium channel blockers | 57.3% (3348) | 57.4% (1675) | 57.3% (1673) | 0.001 |
 Diuretics | 21.1% (1233) | 20.9% (610) | 21.3% (623) | 0.011 |
 Other anti-hypertensive medications | 10.1% (588) | 9.8% (286) | 10.3% (302) | 0.018 |
Lipid-lowering agents | 77.9% (4550) | 77.7% (2270) | 78.1% (2280) | 0.008 |
Antiplatelets | 28.0% (1636) | 27.4% (801) | 28.6% (835) | 0.026 |
Anticoagulants | 1.6% (93) | 1.5% (43) | 1.7% (50) | 0.019 |
Type of SGLT2i | ||||
Canagliflozin | NA | 0.3% (9) | NA | NA |
Dapagliflozin | 36.6% (1068) | |||
Empagliflozin | 63.3% (1847) | |||
Type of GLP-1RA | ||||
Dulaglutide | NA | NA | 30.5% (892) | NA |
Exenatide | 18.9% (553) | |||
Liraglutide | 46.5% (1359) | |||
Lixisenatide | 4.0% (117) |