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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients after multiple imputation and one-to-one propensity score matching

From: Risks of stroke, its subtypes and atrial fibrillation associated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists versus sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: a real-world population-based cohort study in Hong Kong

Factors, mean (standard deviation) or % (n)

All patients (N = 5840)

SGLT2i (N = 2920)

GLP-1RA (N = 2920)

ASMD

Sex

0.010

 Male

56.1% (3274)

55.8% (1630)

56.3% (1644)

 

 Female

43.9% (2566)

44.2% (1290)

43.7% (1276)

 

Age, years

55.5 (12.5)

55.4 (12.4)

55.6 (12.6)

0.017

Clinical and laboratory parameters

Hemoglobin A1c, %

8.9 (1.7)

8.9 (1.7)

8.9 (1.7)

0.029

Fasting glucose, mmol/L

9.5 (3.6)

9.5 (3.6)

9.5 (3.6)

0.010

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

137.4 (23.0)

137.1 (22.1)

137.7 (22.1)

0.028

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

79.0 (14.5)

78.9 (14.9)

79.2 (14.1)

0.017

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L

2.3 (0.8)

2.3 (0.8)

2.2 (0.8)

0.009

Total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio

4.0 (1.3)

4.0 (1.4)

4.0 (1.2)

0.019

Triglyceride, mmol/L

2.0 (1.4)

2.0 (1.5)

2.0 (1.4)

0.046

Body mass index, kg/m2

30.2 (6.6)

29.9 (6.7)

30.4 (6.5)

0.087

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

0.020

 ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73m2

72.2% (4217)

72.6% (2121)

71.8% (2095)

 

 < 60 mL/min/1.73m2

27.8% (1623)

27.4% (799)

28.2% (825)

 

Status of microalbuminuria/macroalbuminuria

0.016

 Normal

44.4% (2591)

44.2% (1290)

44.6% (1,301)

 

 Microalbuminuria

34.6% (2019)

35.0% (1021)

34.2% (999)

 

 Macroalbuminuria

21.1% (1229)

20.9% (609)

21.2% (620)

 

Duration of diabetes, year

13.7 (8.8)

13.7 (8.7)

13.8 (9.0)

0.010

Comorbidities

Atrial fibrillation

2.2% (131)

2.1% (62)

2.4% (69)

0.016

Congestive heart failure

4.4% (259)

4.3% (127)

4.5% (132)

0.008

Stroke

6.0% (351)

5.7% (166)

6.3% (185)

0.027

 Hemorrhagic stroke

1.0% (58)

0.9% (25)

1.1% (33)

0.028

 Ischemic stroke

5.4% (317)

5.2% (151)

5.7% (166)

0.023

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

3.3% (191)

3.4% (100)

3.1% (91)

0.017

Liver disease

0.9% (52)

0.9% (27)

0.9% (25)

0.007

Severe hypoglycemia

4.9% (288)

4.9% (143)

5.0% (145)

0.003

Vascular disease

13.4% (783)

13.2% (384)

13.7% (399)

0.015

Diabetic retinopathy

15.2% (890)

15.3% (448)

15.1% (442)

0.006

Diabetic neuropathy

3.7% (216)

3.8% (110)

3.6% (106)

0.007

Baseline medications

Anti-diabetic medications

 Insulin

71.8% (4192)

73.0% (2131)

70.6% (2061)

0.053

 Metformin

84.2% (4918)

84.7% (2474)

83.7% (2444)

0.028

 Sulfonylurea

43.9% (2564)

43.5% (1271)

44.3% (1293)

0.015

 Thiazolidinedione

23.5% (1372)

24.0% (701)

23.0% (671)

0.024

 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors

37.7% (2201)

37.8% (1103)

37.6% (1098)

0.004

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

1.7% (98)

1.4% (42)

1.9% (56)

0.037

Anti-hypertensive medications

 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers

74.9% (4372)

74.5% (2174)

75.3% (2198)

0.019

 Beta blockers

39.3% (2297)

39.0% (1139)

39.7% (1158)

0.013

 Calcium channel blockers

57.3% (3348)

57.4% (1675)

57.3% (1673)

0.001

 Diuretics

21.1% (1233)

20.9% (610)

21.3% (623)

0.011

 Other anti-hypertensive medications

10.1% (588)

9.8% (286)

10.3% (302)

0.018

Lipid-lowering agents

77.9% (4550)

77.7% (2270)

78.1% (2280)

0.008

Antiplatelets

28.0% (1636)

27.4% (801)

28.6% (835)

0.026

Anticoagulants

1.6% (93)

1.5% (43)

1.7% (50)

0.019

Type of SGLT2i

Canagliflozin

NA

0.3% (9)

NA

NA

Dapagliflozin

36.6% (1068)

Empagliflozin

63.3% (1847)

Type of GLP-1RA

Dulaglutide

NA

NA

30.5% (892)

NA

Exenatide

18.9% (553)

Liraglutide

46.5% (1359)

Lixisenatide

4.0% (117)

  1. SGLT2i, Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; GLP-1RA, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; ASMD, Absolute standardized mean difference; NA, Not applicable