Higher HbA1c variability is associated with increased arterial stiffness in individuals with type 1 diabetes

Table 2 Sex- and age-adjusted partial Spearman correlations of HbA_1c variability and clinical characteristics with measures of arterial stiffness

	cfPWV (n = 335)		AIx (n = 653)
	r_s	p value	r_s	p value
Retrospective follow-up of HbA_1c
HbA_1c assessments	0.144	0.008	0.177	0.003
HbA_1c-mean (mmol/mol)	0.189	< 0.001	0.196	< 0.001
HbA_1c-mean (%)	0.190	< 0.001	0.196	< 0.001
Adj-HbA_1c-SD (mmol/mol)	0.278	< 0.001	0.245	< 0.001
Adj-HbA_1c-SD (%)	0.278	< 0.001	0.246	< 0.001
HbA_1c-CV_IFCC (%)	0.226	< 0.001	0.197	< 0.001
HbA_1c-CV_NGSP (%)	0.242	< 0.001	0.212	< 0.001
HbA_1c-ARV (mmol/mol)	0.197	< 0.001	0.173	< 0.001
HbA_1c-ARV (%)	0.198	< 0.001	0.173	< 0.001
Outcome visit
Sex (age-adjusted)	−0.116	0.034	0.431	< 0.001
Age (sex-adjusted)	0.670	< 0.001	0.585	< 0.001
Diabetes duration	0.257	< 0.001	0.110	0.005
Age at onset	−0.283	< 0.001	−0.101	0.010
Height	−0.040	0.467	−0.195	< 0.001
Waist-to-height ratio	0.145	0.008	0.106	0.007
BMI	0.100	0.070	0.002	0.957
Systolic blood pressure	0.307	< 0.001	0.384	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure	0.141	0.010	0.343	< 0.001
Pulse pressure	0.266	< 0.001	0.220	< 0.001
Mean arterial pressure	0.269	< 0.001	0.416	< 0.001
Smoking	0.041	0.462	0.130	< 0.001
HbA_1c	0.171	0.002	0.144	< 0.001
Total cholesterol	−0.102	0.062	0.011	0.780
HDL-cholesterol	−0.032	0.564	−0.056	0.151
LDL-cholesterol	−0.151	0.006	−0.004	0.914
Triglycerides	0.118	0.031	0.155	< 0.001
eGFR	−0.288	< 0.001	−0.202	< 0.001
Nephropathy	0.247	< 0.001	0.304	< 0.001
Kidney failure	0.247	< 0.001	0.233	< 0.001
History of retinal laser treatment	0.283	< 0.001	0.224	< 0.001
History of CVD events	0.202	< 0.001	0.147	< 0.001
Antihypertensive therapy	0.242	< 0.001	0.210	< 0.001
Statin therapy	0.245	< 0.001	0.148	< 0.001

cfPWV carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, AIx Augmentation index, adj-HbA_1c-SD adjusted standard deviation of HbA_1c, HbA_1c-CV_IFCC coefficient of variation of HbA_1c based on values in mmol/mol units, HbA_1c-CV_NGSP coefficient of variation of HbA_1c based on values in % units, HbA_1c-ARV average real variability of HbA_1c
History of CVD (cardiovascular disease) events defined as myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, stroke, lower extremity revascularization or non-traumatic amputation. Kidney failure defined as kidney replacement therapy or eGFR < 15 ml/min/1.73m². Nephropathy defined as severe albuminuria (urinary albumin excretion rate ≥ 300 mg/24 h or ≥ 200 μg/min) or kidney failure

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