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Table 2 Tests of cardiovascular autonomic function considering all patients with type 1 diabetes as a whole, and as a function of sex and age

From: Sex differences and sex steroids influence on the presentation and severity of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy of patients with type 1 diabetes

 

Cardiovascular autonomic indexes

 

All patients

Women

Men

P

(n = 332)

All

(n = 151)

 ≤ 50 years

(n = 108)

 > 50 years

(n = 43)

All

(n = 181)

 ≤ 50 years

(n = 139)

 > 50 years

(n = 42)

 

Resting SBP (mmHg)a, b

121 ± 13

117 ± 14

114 ± 11

125 ± 16

124 ± 12

121 ± 10

134 ± 12

 < 0.001

(120; 122)

(115; 119)

(111; 115)

(122; 131)

(122; 126)

(119; 123)

(130; 138)

 

Resting HR (bpm)

72 ± 11

73 ± 10

73 ± 10

71 ± 9

71 ± 11

71 ± 12

71 ± 10

0.380

(71; 73)

(71; 75)

(72; 76)

(68; 74)

(69; 73)

(69; 73)

(68; 74)

 

∆SBP (mmHg)a,c

2 (13)

3 (14)

3 (13)

3 (18)

0 (12)

1 (1)

-1 (11)

 < 0.001

Orthostatic hypotension [n (%)]

6 (2)

3 (2)

3 (3)

0 (0)

3 (2)

1 (1)

2 (5)

0.997

(1; 4)

(1; 6)

(1; 8)

(0; 8)

(1; 5)

(0; 4)

(1; 16)

 

E/I indexb,c

1.43 ± 0.28

1.42 ± 0.27

1.45 ± 0.25

1.36 ± 0.33

1.42 ± 0.28

1.47 ± 0.29

1.27 ± 0.20

 < 0.005

(1.40; 1.46)

(1.38; 1.46)

(1.37; 1.47)

(1.27; 1.46)

(1.38; 1.46)

(1.42; 1.52)

(1.21; 1.33)

 

VAL indexb

1.39 ± 0.26

1.36 ± 0.30

1.38 ± 0.25

1.30 ± 0.40

1.41 ± 0.22

1.43 ± 0.22

1.34 ± 0.22

 < 0.005

(1.36; 1.42)

(1.31; 1.41)

(1.33; 1.43)

(1.18; 1.42)

(1.38; 1.44)

(1.29; 1.47)

(1.27; 1.41)

 

30:15 indexa,c

1.38 ± 0.32

1.34 ± 0.29

1.38 ± 0.27

1.25 ± 0.31

1.41 ± 0.34

1.39 ± 0.33

1.45 ± 0.38

 < 0.005

(1.35; 1.42)

(1.29; 1.39)

(1.33; 1.43)

(1.16; 1.34)

(1.36; 1.46)

(1.33; 1.45)

(1.33; 1.57)

 

Low-Frequency (LF)b

1.9 (1.3)

1.9 (1.4)

2.2 (1.2)

1.1 (1.2)

1.93 (1.28)

2.04 (1.39)

1.25 (1.03)

 < 0.001

High-Frequency (HF)b

1.8 (1.7)

2.1 (1.9)

2.4 (1.8)

1.1 (1.2)

1.74 (1.70)

1.92 (1.61)

1.10 (1.09)

 < 0.001

Total Ewing scorea,b

0.59 ± 0.52

0.68 ± 0.59

0.62 ± 0.59

0.83 ± 0.60

0.52 ± 0.44

0.47 ± 0.44

0.68 ± 0.41

 < 0.050

(0.53; 0.65)

(0.59; 0.77)

(0.50; 0.72)

(0.65; 1.01)

(0.46; 0.58)

(0.40; 0.54)

(0.55; 0.81)

 

Prevalence of CAN [n (%)]b

92 (28)

48 (32)

21 (20)

22 (46)

44 (24)

30 (22)

14 (33)

 < 0.050

(23; 33)

(25; 40)

(14; 29)

(33; 60)

(19; 31)

(16; 29)

(21; 49)

 
  1. Continuous variables are shown as mean ± SD, or median (IQR). Discrete variables are shown as raw numbers (percentage). Figures below those statistics denote confidence intervals (lower limit; upper limit). Bold italics figures denote statistical significance
  2. CAN was determined by the Ewing’s score (composite score ≥ 1). Comparisons among groups were performed by univariate two-way GLM or binary logistic regression analyses (adjusted for diabetes duration and A1c levels). Nineteen women taking hormonal contraceptives were not included into these analyses
  3. CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; E/I index, expiration/inspiration index; HR, heart rate; ∆SBP, response in systolic blood pressure to orthostatism; VAL index, Valsalva index
  4. aSignificant differences between men and women
  5. bSignificant differences among older and younger patients independently of sex
  6. cStatistically significant interaction between sex and group of age
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840