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Table 1 Demographic, clinical features and sex steroid profile of the whole group of study participants and as a function of sex and age

From: Sex differences and sex steroids influence on the presentation and severity of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy of patients with type 1 diabetes

Variable

All patients

Women

Men

P

(n = 332)

All (n = 151)

 ≤ 50 years (n = 108)

 > 50 years (n = 43)

All (n = 181)

 ≤ 50 years (n = 139)

 > 50 years (n = 42)

Age (years)b

41 ± 13

41 ± 14

34 ± 10

58 ± 7

40 ± 13

36 ± 10

57 ± 5

 < 0.001

(40; 42)

(39; 43)

(32; 36)

(56; 60)

(38; 42)

(34; 38)

(55; 58)

 

Age at diagnosis of diabetes (years)b

20 ± 11

21 ± 13

17 ± 10

30 ± 15

20 ± 11

17 ± 9

29 ± 12

 < 0.001

(19; 21)

(19; 23)

(15; 19)

(26; 34)

(18; 22)

(15; 19)

(25; 33)

 

DKA at diagnosis [n (%)]

123 (37)

54 (36)

40 (37)

14 (32)

69 (38)

60 (43)

9 (21)

0.167

 

(32; 42)

(29; 44)

(28; 46)

(23; 49)

(31; 45)

(35; 52)

(11; 36)

 

CSII [n (%)]

81 (25)

43 (29)

32 (30)

11 (26)

38 (21)

29 (21)

9 (21)

0.684

 

(20; 29)

(22; 36)

(22; 39)

(16; 40)

(16; 28)

(15; 28)

(11; 36)

 

Total insulin dose (U/day)a

43 ± 21

38 ± 17

39 ± 18

34 ± 16

48 ± 22

48 ± 21

50 ± 25

 < 0.001

(41; 45)

(35; 41)

(36; 42)

(30; 40)

(45; 51)

(45; 52)

(42; 58)

 

Daily insulin dose (U/kg/day)

0.58 ± 0.25

0.58 ± 0.26

0.59 ± 0.27

0.52 ± 0.21

0.59 ± 0.24

0.59 ± 0.23

0.61 ± 0.26

0.255

 

(0.55; 0.61)

(0.54; 0.62)

(0.54; 0.64)

(0.46; 0.60)

(0.55; 0.63)

(0.55; 0.63)

(0.53; 0.69)

 

Duration of diabetes (years)b

19 ± 12

19 ± 12

15 ± 10

26 ± 13

19 ± 11

17 ± 11

27 ± 9

 < 0.001

 

(18; 20)

(17; 21)

(13; 17)

(22; 29)

(17; 21)

(15; 19)

(24; 30)

 

Never smokers [n (%)]b

193 (59)

88 (58)

70 (65)

18 (42)

105 (58)

87 (63)

18 (43)

 < 0.005

 

(53; 63)

(50; 66)

(55; 73)

(30;58)

(51; 65)

(54; 70)

(29; 58)

 

Antiaggregant therapy [n (%)]b

41 (12)

15 (10)

3 (3)

12 (28)

26 (14)

7 (5)

19 (45)

 < 0.001

(9; 16))

(7; 19)

(1; 8)

(16; 40)

(10; 20)

(3; 10)

(31; 60)

 

Statin therapy [n (%)]a,b

122 (37)

48 (32)

17 (16)

31 (72)

74 (41)

38 (27)

36 (86)

 < 0.005

(32; 42)

(25; 40)

(8; 21)

(60; 84)

(34; 48)

(21; 35)

(72; 93)

 

Antihypertensive therapy

[n (%)]a,b,c

54 (16)

23 (15)

3 (3)

20 (46)

31 (17)

14 (10)

17 (41)

 < 0.005

(13; 21)

(10; 22)

(1; 7)

(32; 60)

(12; 23)

(6; 16)

(27; 56)

 

Microangiopathy [n (%)]

69 (21)

32 (21)

15 (14)

17 (40)

37 (20)

23 (17)

14 (33)

0.563

 

(17; 25)

(15; 28)

(8; 21)

(26; 54)

(15; 27)

(11; 24)

(21; 49)

 

Macroangiopathy [n (%)]

18 (5)

7 (5)

0 (0)

7 (16)

11 (6)

3 (2)

8 (19)

0.532

(4; 8)

(2; 9)

(0; 4)

(8; 28)

(3; 11)

(1; 6)

(9; 33)

 

Body mass index (kg/m2)

25 ± 4

24 ± 4

24 ± 4

25 ± 5

25 ± 5

25 ± 4

26 ± 3

0.550

(24; 25)

(23; 25)

(23; 25)

(24; 27)

(24; 26)

(24; 27)

(25; 27)

 

Obesity [N (%)]

32 (10)

16 (11)

10 (9)

6 (14)

16 (9)

15 (11)

1 (2)

0.101

(7; 13)

(7; 17)

(5; 16)

(8; 28)

(6; 14)

(7; 17)

(0; 12)

 

Waist circumference (cm)a,b

85 ± 13

79± 12

77 ± 12

85 ± 12

89 ± 12

86 ± 11

94 ± 9

 < 0.005

(84; 86)

(77; 81)

(76; 80)

(79; 87)

(87; 91)

(84; 88)

(91; 97)

 

Fat mass (%)a,b

24 ± 10

30 ± 8

29 ± 7

33 ± 8

18 ± 8

17 ± 8

22 ± 6

 < 0.001

(23; 25)

(29; 31)

(28; 30)

(31; 35)

(17; 19)

(16; 18)

(20; 24)

 

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)a,b

90 ± 16

84 ± 16

88 ± 15

77 ± 13

95 ± 15

96 ± 15

88 ± 10

 < 0.001

(88; 92)

(81; 87)

(85; 91)

(73; 81)

(93; 97)

(94; 99)

(85; 91)

 

A1c (%)a

7.2 ± 1.0

7.4 ± 1.1

7.3 ± 1.1

7.6 ± 0.9

7.1 ± 1.0

7.1 ± 1.0

7.1 ± 0.9

 < 0.005

(7.1; 7.3)

(7.2; 7.6)

(7.1; 7.5)

(7.3; 7.9)

(6.9; 7.3)

(6.9; 7.3)

(6.8; 7.4)

 

A1c (mmol/mol)

56 ± 11

57 ± 12

57 ± 13

59 ± 10

54 ± 11

54 ± 11

54 ± 10

 < 0.005

(54; 57)

(55; 59)

(55; 60)

(56; 62)

(52; 56)

(52; 56)

(51; 57)

 

UACR (mg/g)

5.8 (4.9)

6.8 (5.8)

6.6 (5.3)

7.8 (8.5)

5.1 (4.4)

5.1 (4.3)

5.1 (4.5)

0.037

FSH (IU/l)a,b,c*

4 (4)

6 (40)

5 (4)

64 (30)

4 (3)

3 (3)

5 (3)

 < 0.001

LH (IU/l)a,b,c*

4 (4)

6 (16)

5 (5)

25 (12)

3 (2)

3 (2)

3 (2)

 < 0.001

Total T (nmol/l)a*

13.6 (22.8)

1.1 (0.7)

1.1 (0.8)

0.9 (0.6)

22.6 (11.3)

22.9 (11.8)

22.2 (9.9)

 < 0.001

Total E2 (pmol/l)a,b,c*

98 (89)

168 (356)

355 (376)

21 (38)

90 (46)

90 (44)

88 (50)

 < 0.001

Total T/ E2 molar ratioa,b,c*

166 (250)

9 (22)

3 (5)

36 (53)

251 (125)

256 (129)

232 (107)

 < 0.005

SHBG (nmol/l)a*

72 ± 40

98 ± 44

96 ± 51

102 ± 29

52 ± 22

50 ± 22

60 ± 22

 < 0.001

(68; 76)

(91; 105)

(87; 107)

(90; 108)

(49; 55)

(46; 54)

(53; 67)

 

Calculated free T (pmol/l)a,c*

235 (380)

10 (8)

11 (8)

8 (6)

381 (168)

408 (179)

337 (122)

 < 0.005

Calculated free E2 (pmol/l)a,b,c*

1.8 (1.5)

2.6 (4.7)

4.6 (4.7)

0.3 (0.5)

1.7 (0.9)

1.7 (0.9)

1.7 (0.7)

 < 0.005

Calculated free T/E2 molar ratioa,c*

140 (232)

6 (15)

2 (3)

23 (33)

230 (110)

246 (112)

200 (86)

 < 0.001

  1. Continuous variables are shown as mean ± SD, or median (IQR). Discrete variables are shown as raw numbers (percentage). Figures below those statistics denote confidence intervals. Comparisons among groups were performed by an univariate two-way GLM or binary logistic regression analyses (adjusted for diabetes duration and A1c levels). Bold italics figures denote statistical significance
  2. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; DKA, diabetes ketoacidosis; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (MDRD-4 formula); E2, estradiol; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; HDL, high density-lipoprotein; IU, international units; LDL, low density-lipoprotein; LH, luteinizing hormone; SHBG, sex hormone-binding globulin; T, testosterone; U, units; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio
  3. *19 women taking hormonal contraceptives were excluded
  4. aSignificant differences between men and women
  5. bSignificant differences among older and younger patients independently of sex
  6. cStatistically significant interaction between sex and group of age
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840