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Table 2 Changes from randomization to week 52

From: Combination of exercise and GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment reduces severity of metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, and inflammation: a randomized controlled trial

 

Placebo

Exercise

Liraglutide

Combination

(n = 39)

(n = 26)

(n = 36)

(n = 29)

Metabolic syndrome

    

 Waist circumference, cm

4.6 (2.4 to 6.7)

− 0.3 (− 3.0 to 2.4)

− 1.2 (− 3.5 to 1.0)

− 6.3 (− 8.8 to − 3.8)

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

4.3 (− 0.4 to 9.1)

3.6 (− 2.2 to 9.5)

− 0.7 (− 5.7 to 4.3)

1.2 (− 4.3 to 6.8)

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

3.0 (0.3 to 5.6)

1.1 (− 2.2 to 4.3)

− 0.4 (− 3.1 to 2.4)

− 0.1 (− 3.2 to 3.0)

 HDL- c, mmol/L

0.25 (0.18 to 0.32)

0.24 (0.16 to 0.32)

0.26 (0.19 to 0.33)

0.31 (0.24 to 0.39)

 Triglycerides, mmol/L

0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.2)

0.2 (0.0 to 0.3)

0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.2)

0.1 (0.0 to 0.3)

 Fasting glucose, mmol/L

0.4 (0.2 to 0.6)

0.1 (− 0.1 to 0.4)

− 0.2 (− 0.4 to 0.0)

− 0.2 (− 0.4 to 0.0)

 HOMA-IRa

1.55 (1.32 to 1.82)

1.19 (0.98 to 1.45)

1.34 (1.13 to 1.59)

1.02 (0.85 to 1.23)

 MetS-Z, score

0.09 (− 0.06 to 0.23)

− 0.03 (− 0.21 to 0.16)

− 0.28 (− 0.43 to − 0.13)*** §

− 0.39 (− 0.56 to − 0.22)***§

 Participants with

Hypertensionb, n (%)

19 (49)

12 (46)

13 (36)

7 (24)

 Pre diabetesc, n (%)

14 (36)

6 (23)

3 (8)

4 (14)

Body composition

 Body weightd, kg

6.1 (3.4 to 8.7)

0.7 (− 2.5 to 3.9)

− 1.9 (− 4.6 to 0.8)

− 6.0 (− 9.0 to − 3.0)

 Total fat percentaged, %-points

0.3 (− 1.0 to 1.7)

− 1.8 (− 3.2 to − 0.4)

− 1.9 (− 3.1 to − 0.7)

− 3.7 (− 4.9 to − 2.4)

 Android fat percentage, %-points

0.1 (− 1.3 to 1.4)

− 2.5 (− 4.2 to − 0.8)**§

− 2.8 (− 4.2 to − 1.3)**§

− 6.1 (− 7.7 to − 4.4)***§

  Female, %-points

− 0.4 (− 2.2 to 1.4)

− 3.6 (− 5.9 to − 1.4)**§

− 3.3 (− 5.1 to − 1.5)***§

− 6.4 (− 8.5 to − 4.4)***§

  Male, %-points

0.8 (− 1.5 to 30)

− 1.0 (− 3.6 to 1.6)

− 1.9 (− 4.3 to 0.5)

− 5.4 (− 8.0 to − 2.8)***§

 Gynoid fat percentage, %- points

0.3 (− 0.6 to 1.2)

− 1.7 (− 2.7 to − 0.6)

− 1.1 (− 2.1 to − 0.2)

− 3.8 (− 4.8 to − 2.8)

  Female, %-points

0.0 (− 1.1 to 1.2)

− 1.9 (− 3.4 to − 0.4)

− 1.2 (− 2.4 to 0.0)

− 3.8 (− 5.1 to − 2.4)

  Male, %-points

0.7 (− 0.7 to 2.1)

− 1.3 (− 2.9 to 0.4)

− 1.1 (− 2.6 to 0.5)

− 3.8 (− 5.4 to − 2.1)

Android-gynoid ratio

− 0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.02)

− 0.02 (− 0.04 to 0.01)

− 0.05 (− 0.07 to − 0.02)

− 0.06 (− 0.08 to − 0.03)

Inflammation marker

    

 hsCRPe

0.85 (0.61 to 1.20)

0.82 (0.55 to 1.22)

0.64 (0.45 to 0.92)*

0.48 (0.33 to 0.71)***§

  1. Per-protocol analysis. Changes are estimated mean differences (95% confidence intervals) within-group. Significance testing was only performed on MetS-Z, android fat percentage, and hsCRP. The results are adjusted for age group (< / ≥ 40 years) and sex
  2. MetS-Z metabolic syndrome severity score. hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
  3. aHOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, calculated as fasting insulin times fasting glucose levels, divided by 22.5. Change is shown as geometric mean ratios (95% confidence intervals)
  4. bHypertension: systolic blood pressure > 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 85 mmHg
  5. cPre-diabetes: fasting glucose > 5.6 mmol/L
  6. dOutcomes previously reported [24]
  7. eChanges are presented as ratios (95% confidence intervals) via back-transformed log-data
  8. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 within-group
  9. §p < 0.05 vs. placebo (see Fig. 2 for details on between-group changes)