Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Demographics

 Male, n (%)

34 (50.7)

89(51.1)

33 (53.2)

 Age, years

56.73 ± 9.66

57.07 ± 10.51

63.29 ± 12.23*^§

 BMI (kg/m²)

23.41 ± 3.06

24.54 ± 2.95*

24.23 ± 3.34

 Heart rate (beats/min)

74 ± 10

80 ± 16*

81 ± 15*

 SBP (mmHg)

118 ± 12

130 ± 18*

129 ± 19*

 DBP (mmHg)

74 ± 9

79 ± 13*

77 ± 13

 Smoking history, n (%)

15 (22.38)

43 (24.70)

21 (33.87)

 Diabetes duration, years

–

6 (3.0, 10.0)

5 (2.0, 9.0)

Laboratory data

 Hb, (g/L)

142 ± 13

139 ± 12

107 ± 12*^§

 HbA1c, %

–

7.41 ± 1.75

7.19 ± 1.17

 TG (mmol/L)

1.28 (0.99, 1.65)

1.49 (1.01, 2.19)

1.25 (0.96, 1.71)*

 TC (mmol/L)

4.81 (3.97, 5.24)

4.19 (3.33, 4.90)*

3.43 (2.99, 4.45)*^§

 HDL (mmol/L)

1.29 (1.12, 1.53)

1.17 (0.96, 1.42)*

1.14 (0.88, 1.39)*

 LDL (mmol/L)

2.91 (2.24, 3.38)

2.26 (1.71, 2.94)*

1.74 (1.41, 2.37)*^§

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

93.78 ± 15.13

87.53 ± 19.46

70.67 ± 22.37*^§

 Creatinine, umol/L

71.12 ± 15.43

76.15 ± 22.34*

94.06 ± 31.25*^§

Complications, n (%)

 Nephropathy

–

16 (9.20)

18 (29.03)^§

 Retinopathy

–

13 (7.47)

4 (6.45)

 Peripheral vascular disease

–

35 (20.11)

14 (27.42)

 Neuropathy

–

33 (18.97)

6 (9.68)

Medications, n (%)

 Insulin

–

32 (18.39)

12 (19.35)

 Biguanides

–

72 (41.38)

24 (38.71)

 Sulfonylureas

–

31 (17.82)

6 (9.68)

 α‑Glucosidase inhibitor

–

34 (19.54)

8(12.90)

 Others

–

25 (14.37)

8 (12.90)

 No

–

37 (21.26)

11 (17.74)