Table 2 Amino acid concentrations

Essential amino acid

 Valine

158.4–287.7

248.1 ± 46.9

261.4 ± 58.6 

 Leucine

80.9–154.3

137.1 ± 28.6

150.8 ± 42.7

 Isoleucine

41.3–84.9

81.6 ± 17.4

86.3± 28.6

 Lysine

118.7–257.0

229.8 ± 53.6

231.6 ± 53.5

 Methionine

19.2–32.7

26.8 ± 7.4

28.9 ± 9.4

 Phenylalanine

45.7–76.5

69.6 ± 10.8

71.8 ± 12.6

 Threonine

89.2–205.0

136.4 ± 35.5

139.9 ± 46.2

 Tryptophan

41.4–65.5

45.8 ± 8.95

46.9 ± 9.3

 Histidine

67.9–97.1

73.7 ± 12.4

79.0 ± 13.7

 Tyrosine

50.2–82.6

69.5 ± 14.6

69.3 ± 15.1

Non-essential amino acid

 Glycine

153.2–362.1

237.0 ± 52.9

241.7 ± 55.6

 Alanine

239.9 –510.2

367.5 ± 105.6

381.7 ± 91.8

 Arginine

46.0–121.7

68.1 ± 21.9

65.1 ± 20.8

 Cystine

36.5–56.0

67.0 ± 18.0

70.0 ± 20.3

 Asparagine

40.8–76.5

62.2 ± 12.0

65.0 ± 12.1

 Aspartic acid

< 3.2

4.13 ± 1.23, n = 50

4.16 ± 1.04, n = 28

 Glutamine

488.2–733.1

566.8  ± 71.1

551.4 ± 103.5

 Glutamic acid

10.8–44.4

68.7 ± 24.1

77.1 ± 26.6

 Serine

91.5–161.8

134.4 ± 27.9

132.8 ± 36.3

 Proline

89.6 –258.8

198.0 ± 65.5

202.1 ± 48.0

Other amino acid metabolites

 Taurine

35.2–70.0

65.9 ± 27.7

68.8 ± 18.3

 Hydroxyproline

5.4 –18.2

12.3 ± 5.5

12.9 ± 5.0

 Citrulline

20.4–44.8

41.8 ± 19.4

43.5 ± 18.8

 β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA)

< 3.7

4.56 ± 2.93, n = 35

6.76 ± 4.72, n = 27

 α-Amino-n-butyric acid

11.0 –25.7

25.1 ± 8.7

27.7 ± 10.6

 β-Alanine

< 7.7

7.81 ± 2.62

8.23 ± 2.59, n = 27

 Monoethanolamine

6.0–10.7

8.50 ± 1.61, n = 48

9.26 ± 2.65, n = 26

 Ornithine

43.2–95.7

111.1 ± 30.0

121.9 ± 45.7

 1-Methylhistidine

< 12.8

13.6 ± 10.1

18.5 ± 15.8

 3-Methylhistidine

2.9 –6.8

9.15 ± 7.24

11.82 ± 9.28