Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants
Characteristics | All participants | Participants with HbA1c < 10% | Participants with HbA1c ≥ 10% | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 615 | 320 | 283 | |
Age, mean ± SD, year | 49.2 ± 12.1 | 51.5 ± 11.4 | 46.3 ± 12.3 | < 0.01 |
Male sex, n (%) | 411 (66.8) | 206 (64.4) | 197 (69.6) | 0.17 |
Current smoking, n (%) | 198 (32.4) | 95 (29.9) | 102 (36.2) | 0.10 |
Current alcohol consumption, n (%) | 280 (45.8) | 138 (43.4) | 139 (49.3) | 0.15 |
Duration of diabetes, median (25th–75th), year | 3.7 (0.1–10.0) | 5.6 (1.3–10.7) | 1.0 (0.1–7.0) | < 0.01 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 324 (52.7) | 191 (59.7) | 123 (43.5) | < 0.01 |
Self-reported hypertension, n (%) | 198 (32.2) | 114 (35.6) | 78 (27.6) | 0.03 |
Newly diagnosed hypertension, n (%) | 126 (20.5) | 77 (24.1) | 45 (15.9) | 0.01 |
CHD, n (%) | 92 (15.0) | 65 (20.3) | 24 (8.5) | < 0.01 |
Stroke, n (%) | 62 (10.1) | 41 (12.8) | 18 (6.4) | < 0.01 |
BMI, mean ± SD, kg/m2 | 25.9 ± 3.7 | 26.1 ± 3.9 | 25.7 ± 3.6 | 0.31 |
SBP, mean ± SD, mmHg | 131.3 ± 17.2 | 133.0 ± 17.2 | 129.2 ± 17.0 | < 0.01 |
DBP, mean ± SD, mmHg | 80.9 ± 10.5 | 81.3 ± 10.5 | 80.4 ± 10.6 | 0.29 |
HbA1c, mean ± SD, % | 9.8 ± 2.1 | 8.2 ± 1.2 | 11.6 ± 1.3 | < 0.01 |
HbA1c, mean ± SD, mmol/mol | 83.6 ± 23.4 | 65.8 ± 12.7 | 103.7 ± 14.6 | < 0.01 |
FBG, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 8.3 ± 2.3 | 7.6 ± 2.0 | 8.9 ± 2.5 | < 0.01 |
2 h PBG, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 17.0 ± 4.6 | 16.0 ± 4.5 | 18.0 ± 4.5 | < 0.01 |
TG, median (25th–75th), mmol/L | 1.5 (1.0–2.5) | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) | 1.5 (1.0–2.7) | 0.68 |
TC, median (25th–75th), mmol/L | 4.5 (3.8–5.2) | 4.4 (3.8–5.1) | 4.7 (4.0–5.4) | < 0.01 |
HDL-C, median (25th–75th), mmol/L | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.96 |
LDL-C, median (25th–75th), mmol/L | 2.6 (2.0–3.2) | 2.5 (2.0–3.1) | 2.8 (2.2–3.4) | < 0.01 |
ALT, median (25th–75th), U/L | 19.1 (13.3–29.4) | 19.1 (13.3–29.4) | 18.9 (13.4–28.3) | 0.82 |
AST, median (25th–75th), U/L | 15.9 (12.7–21.8) | 16.3 (13.4–22.0) | 15.1 (12.0–20.2) | < 0.01 |
UA, median (25th–75th), μmol/L | 286.0 (232.0–348.0) | 295.0 (245.0–356.5) | 274.0 (216.0–334.0) | < 0.01 |
Oral antihypertensive agent treatment (not mutually exclusive below), n (%) | 172 (28.0) | 110 (34.4) | 55 (19.4) | < 0.01 |
Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 94 (15.3) | 57 (17.8) | 33 (11.7) | 0.03 |
ACE inhibitor/ARB, n (%) | 127 (20.7) | 79 (24.7) | 46 (16.3) | 0.01 |
Alpha blocker/Beta blocker, n (%) | 82 (13.3) | 57 (17.8) | 21 (7.4) | < 0.01 |
Diuretic, n (%) | 50 (8.1) | 28 (8.8) | 20 (7.1) | 0.45 |
Insulin treatment, n (%) | 140 (22.8) | 80 (25.0) | 54 (19.1) | 0.08 |
Oral hypoglycemic agent treatment, n (%) | 382 (62.1) | 236 (73.8) | 137 (48.4) | < 0.01 |
HOMA2-IR, median (25th–75th) | 1.7 (1.3–2.3) | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) | 1.7 (1.4–2.2) | 0.11 |
Matsuda index, median (25th–75th) | 81.3 (54.3–120.4) | 74.7 (48.4–106.5) | 90.2 (63.5–133.7) | < 0.01 |
HOMA2-B, median (25th–75th) | 51.5 (36.3–80.0) | 64.7 (41.7–95.7) | 44.7 (30.8–61.0) | < 0.01 |
ISSI2, median (25th–75th) | 114.8 (77.0–172.7) | 141.0 (87.9–198.0) | 97.1 (66.5–136.5) | < 0.01 |