Table 2 Patient characteristics
Characteristics | Entry Visit | Last Visit | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 5419) | Group 1 (n = 3106) | Group 2 (n = 2313) | P | Group 1 (n = 3522) | Group 1 (n = 1897) | P | |
Year of visit | 2008 (2008–2012) | 2008 (2008–2010) | 2010 (2008–2013) | < 0.0001 | 2018 (2015–2018) | 2017 (2016–2018) | 0.02 |
Age, years | 66.1 ± 11.4 | 67.2 ± 11.1 | 64.6 ± 11.5 | < 0.0001 | 72.8 ± 11.5 | 71.5 ± 12.0 | 0.0002 |
Female, n (%) | 2206 (40.7%) | 1250 (40.2%) | 956 (41.3%) | 0.42 | 1406 (39.9%) | 800 (42.2%) | 0.11 |
Diabetes duration, years | 7.6 ± 8.4 | 10.0 ± 9.2 | 4.4 ± 6.0 | < 0.0001 | 15.4 ± 10.0 | 11.0 ± 8.2 | < 0.0001 |
HbA1c target mmol/mol | 55 ± 4 | 57 ± 3 | 52 ± 3 | < 0.0001 | 61 ± 4 | 55 ± 3 | < 0.0001 |
HbA1c target (%) | 7.2 ± 0.5 | 7.4 ± 0.4 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | < 0.0001 | 7.7 ± 0.5 | 7.2 ± 0.4 | < 0.0001 |
HbA1c mmol/mol | 63 ± 14 | 68 ± 14 | 57 ± 12 | < 0.0001 | 61 ± 10 | 50 ± 7 | < 0.0001 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.9 ± 1.7 | 8.4 ± 1.7 | 7.4 ± 1.6 | < 0.0001 | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 6.7 ± 0.9 | < 0.0001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.2 ± 5.0 | 28.9 ± 5.0 | 29.5 ± 5.0 | < 0.0001 | 28.7 ± 5.4 | 27.9 ± 4.7 | < 0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure | 140.1 ± 19.9 | 141.0 ± 20.3 | 138.9 ± 19.4 | 0.0001 | 139.4 ± 21.2 | 139.2 ± 20.8 | 0.84 |
Diastolic blood Pressure | 80.1 ± 10.5 | 79.2 ± 10.3 | 81.3 ± 10.6 | < 0.0001 | 75.1 ± 11.1 | 76.9 ± 10.5 | < 0.0001 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.92 ± 1.11 | 4.79 ± 1.08 | 5.09 ± 1.14 | < 0.0001 | 4.17 ± 1.02 | 4.34 ± 0.94 | < 0.0001 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.29 ± 0.39 | 1.29 ± 0.40 | 1.28 ± 0.38 | 0.30 | 1.26 ± 0.37 | 1.35 ± 0.38 | < 0.0001 |
Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.71 ± 1.38 | 1.66 ± 1.17 | 1.78 ± 1.62 | 0.009 | 1.48 ± 0.95 | 1.40 ± 2.23 | 0.17 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 2.87 ± 0.91 | 2.77 ± 0.88 | 3.01 ± 0.94 | < 0.0001 | 2.25 ± 0.83 | 2.38 ± 0.78 | < 0.0001 |
ALT, IU/L | 29.5 ± 23.5 | 28.6 ± 23.8 | 30.6 ± 23.0 | 0.01 | 22.7 ± 16.9 | 23.4 ± 16.8 | 0.21 |
eGFR ml/min/1.73 m2 | 77.7 ± 20.1 | 77.0 ± 20.2 | 78.7 ± 20.0 | 0.006 | 68.9 ± 24.6 | 74.3 ± 21.2 | < 0.0001 |
Comorbidities and complications | |||||||
Hypertension | 4318 (79.7%) | 2533 (81.6%) | 1785 (77.2%) | < 0.0001 | 3137 (89.1%) | 1607 (84.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Dyslipidemia | 3453 (63.7%) | 1938 (62.4%) | 1515 (65.5%) | 0.019 | 2738 (77.7%) | 1391 (73.3%) | 0.0003 |
Macro-vascular disease | 1421 (26.2%) | 961 (30.9%) | 460 (19.9%) | < 0.0001 | 2194 (62.3%) | 838 (44.2%) | < 0.0001 |
Prior MACE | 636 (11.7%) | 443 (14.3%) | 193 (8.3%) | < 0.0001 | 1227 (34.8%) | 108 (5.7%) | < 0.0001 |
CAD | 395 (7.3%) | 279 (9.0%) | 116 (5.0%) | < 0.0001 | 797 (22.6%) | 75 (4.0%) | < 0.0001 |
Heart failure | 231 (4.3%) | 173 (5.6%) | 58 (2.5%) | < 0.0001 | 658 (18.7%) | 94 (5.0%) | < 0.0001 |
Micro-vascular disease | 1755 (32.4%) | 1220 (39.3%) | 535 (23.1%) | < 0.0001 | 2326 (66.0%) | 969 (51.1%) | < 0.0001 |
Diabetic kidney disease | 1381 (25.5%) | 901 (29.0%) | 480 (20.8%) | < 0.0001 | 2069 (58.7%) | 904 (47.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Albuminuria | 850 (29.3%) | 620 (33.9%) | 230 (21.4%) | < 0.0001 | 1283 (42.2%) | 480 (29.1%) | < 0.0001 |
Retinopathy | 554 (28.4%) | 471 (35.8%) | 83 (13.0%) | < 0.0001 | 984 (37.5%) | 253 (18.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Medications | |||||||
Line of treatments | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (0–1) | < 0.0001 | 3 (2–4) | 1 (1–3) | < 0.0001 |
Metformin | 1174 (21.7%) | 19 (0.6%) | 1155 (49.9%) | < 0.0001 | 401 (11.4%) | 776 (40.9%) | < 0.0001 |
Insulin | 1537 (28.4%) | 1513 (48.7%) | 24 (1.0%) | < 0.0001 | 2036 (57.8%) | 55 (2.9%) | < 0.0001 |
Sulfonylureas/glinides | 1921 (35.4%) | 1802 (58.0%) | 119 (5.1%) | < 0.0001 | 969 (27.5%) | 260 (13.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Thiazolidinediones | 83 (1.5%) | 47 (1.5%) | 36 (1.6%) | 0.90 | 47 (1.3%) | 19 (1.0%) | < 0.0001 |
DDP4-inhibitors | 150 (2.8%) | 64 (2.1%) | 86 (3.7%) | 0.0002 | 600 (17.0%) | 368 (19.4%) | 0.29 |
GLP1-RAs | 33 (0.6%) | 12 (0.4%) | 21 (0.9%) | 0.015 | 122 (3.5%) | 114 (6.0%) | 0.03 |
SGLT2- inhibitors | 5 (0.1%) | 2 (0.1%) | 3 (0.1%) | 0.43 | 135 (3.8%) | 50 (2.6%) | < 0.0001 |
Antiplatelet | 2123 (39.2%) | 1356 (43.7%) | 767 (33.2%) | < 0.0001 | 2070 (58.8%) | 865 (45.6%) | 0.02 |
Statins | 2218 (40.9%) | 1306 (42.0%) | 912 (39.4%) | 0.053 | 2374 (67.4%) | 1198 (63.2%) | < 0.0001 |
Lipid-low-treatment | 2411 (44.5%) | 1419 (45.7%) | 992 (42.9%) | 0.040 | 2519 (71.5%) | 1270 (66.9%) | 0.002 |
ACEi/ARBs | 3066 (56.6%) | 1827 (58.8%) | 1239 (53.6%) | < 0.0001 | 2396 (68.0%) | 1239 (65.3%) | 0.001 |
Beta-blockers | 1239 (22.9%) | 749 (24.1%) | 490 (21.2%) | 0.01 | 1357 (38.5%) | 529 (27.9%) | 0.04 |
Calcium-channel block. | 1302 (24.0%) | 797 (25.7%) | 505 (21.8%) | 0.001 | 1184 (33.6%) | 580 (30.6%) | < 0.0001 |
Diuretics | 2134 (39.4%) | 1299 (41.8%) | 835 (36.1%) | < 0.0001 | 1949 (55.3%) | 883 (46.5%) | 0.02 |
Socio-demographic (n = 3594) | |||||||
Italian citizenship | 3438 (95.7%) | 2063 (95.4%) | 1375 (96.1%) | 0.31 | 2337 (95.3%) | 1101 (96.5%) | 0.09 |
Level of education | |||||||
Primary | 1835 (51.1%) | 1170 (54.1%) | 665 (46.5%) | < 0.0001 | 1287 (52.5%) | 548 (48.0%) | 0.02 |
Secondary | 1489 (41.4%) | 848 (39.2%) | 641 (44.8%) | 995 (40.6%) | 494 (43.3%) | ||
Tertiary | 270 (7.5%) | 145 (6.7%) | 125 (8.7%) | 171 (7.0%) | 99 (8.7%) | ||
Domestic partnership | 3310 (92.1%) | 1979 (91.5%) | 1331 (93.0%) | 0.10 | 2262 (92.2%) | 1048 (91.9%) | 0.71 |
Lifestyles (n = 1459) | |||||||
Regular physical activity | 557 (38.2%) | 275 (34.8%) | 282 (42.2%) | 0.004 | 365 (37.3%) | 192 (39.8%) | 0.36 |
Regular alcohol consumption | 563 (38.6%) | 293 (37.0%) | 270 (40.4%) | 0.19 | 373 (38.2%) | 190 (39.4) | 0.64 |
Active smokers | 233 (16%) | 122 (15.4%) | 111 (16.6%) | 0.53 | 158 (16.2%) | 75 (15.6%) | 0.76 |