Effects of single and multiple sessions of lower body diastole-synchronized compressions using a pulsating pneumatic suit on endothelium function and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: two controlled cross-over studies

Table 4 Changes in biological parameters and body composition (for study 1 and study 2)

Plasma and CGM interstitial glucose (i-glucose)
Acute treatment (Study 1) (n=15)
	Control session	DSCD session	pⁱ
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)^a	8.78±1.94	8.04±2.38	0.532
Plasma glucose after session (mmol/L)^a	13.58±2.09	11.01±2.54	0.054
i-glucose just before session (mmol/L)	11.45±3.20	12.06±2.09	0.528

Biological parameters and body composition (Impedance/PH metry)
Chronic treatment (Study 2) (n=38)
	Control period		p-value	DSCD period		p-value	pⁱ
	Before	After	p-value	Before	After	p-value	pⁱ
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	7.9 ± 2.0	8.1 ± 2.9	0.785	8.2 ± 3.2	8.5 ± 2.7	0.314	0.630
Insulin (pmol/L)	16.1	17.8	0.946	14.7	16.9	0.866	0.939
Insulin (pmol/L)	[8.6; 29.6]	[10.3; 23.2]	0.946	[8.6; 25.8]	[10.0; 28.4]	0.866	0.939
HOMA-IR index	5.0	5.7	0.533	5.4	6.1	0.059	0.512
HOMA-IR index	[2.8; 10.0]	[3.6; 11.1]	0.533	[2.7; 10.1]	[3.6; 12.2]	0.059	0.512
TyG index^b	9.16±0.54	9.24±0.67	0.383	9.29±0.78	9.30±0.60	0.902	0.673
HbA1c (%)	7.35±1.26	7.37±1.19	0.876	7.32±1.33	7.37±1.33	0.583	0.855
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	56.84 ±13.81	57.04 ±13.03	0.876	56.52 ±14.53	57.01 ±14.53	0.583	0.855
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)^b	4.02±0.80	4.23±0.89	0.095	4.34±0.97	4.24±0.77	0.341	0.061
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)^b	1.28±0.30	1.22±0.28	0.084	1.23±0.33	1.29±0.32	0.058	0.011
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)^b	2.00±0.59	2.22±0.77	0.075	2.27±0.74	2.16±0.60	0.297	0.041
Triglycerides (mmol/L)^b	1.70±0.87	1.98±1.32	0.069	2.23±2.08	1.88±0.94	0.226	0.073
Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)^b	2.74±0.72	3.01±0.93	0.038	3.11±1.00	2.95±0.74	0.151	0.013
Body fat mass (kg)	38.6±10.1	38.7±9.0	0.865	38.4±9.8	38.7±9.6	0.445	0.805
Lean mass (kg)	56.8±12.7	56.9±12.5	0.844	57.1±13.0	55.3±13.3	0.216	0.233
Total water (L)	46.7±6.9	46.7±6.1	0.957	47.0±6.9	46.8±6.6	0.591	0.749
Extra-cell water (L)	20.6±3.9	21.9±5.1	0.154	21.4±3.3	20.8±2.1	0.185	0.071
Intra-cell water (L)	27.1±4.5	25.9±5.3	0.166	26.7±4.2	27.0±3.5	0.345	0.091

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median [1st quartile; 3rd quartile]. p-value: comparison between before and after period; pⁱ: interaction between time (after period compared to before period) and group (DSCD compared to control group) adjusted for period and sequence, Control; simulated session (Study 1) and no session (Study 2)
DSCD diastole synchronized compression/decompression session at 65 mmHg, HDL high density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance: Insulin (mU/L) x plasma glucose (mol/L)/22.5, LDL low-density lipoprotein, TyG index triglycerides-glucose index
^aFasting plasma glucose measured before session; Plasma glucose after session measured after the end of the 20 min session (130 min after breakfast)
^bBiological criteria for two patients who started statin treatment during study were excluded from the analysis

ISSN: 1475-2840