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Fig. 2 | Cardiovascular Diabetology

Fig. 2

From: Effects of single and multiple sessions of lower body diastole-synchronized compressions using a pulsating pneumatic suit on endothelium function and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: two controlled cross-over studies

Fig. 2

Effects of DSCD/control sessions on microcirculatory blood flow and endothelium function. A: Response of forearm CBF during and after one DSCD or Control session (Study 1). ACh; acetylcholine, AUC; area under the curve, CBF; cutaneous blood flow, control; simulated session, DSCD; diastole synchronized compression/decompression session at 65 mmHg, PU; perfusion units. AUC was calculated for 20 min during the session (AUC-20 min, from T60 to T80min) (pi = 0.10), 40 min (20 min during and 20 min after session) (AUC-40 min, from T60 to T100min) (pi = 0.01) and 50 min (20 min during plus 30 min after session) (AUC-50 min, from T60 to T110min) (pi = 0.01). Note that the ACh test was performed 30 min before the DSCD/control sessions. Thus, baseline CBF was not restored when DSCD/control sessions started. During and after a session, CBF decreased in the control group due to the progressive return to the baseline CBF (with negative values for AUC-40 min and AUC-50 min), whereas CBF increased after DSCD session despite withdrawal effect of ACh (with positive values for AUC-40 min and AUC-50 min) highlighting the effect of DSCD session. p-value: comparison between groups (DSCD vs control) adjusted for period and sequence, pi−2: comparison between groups (DSCD vs Control) adjusted for period, sequence and initial BMI. In the cartouche: Illustration of CBF microcirculation increase in a 61 year-old woman, BMI of 27 kg/m2, on metformin and gliclazide treatment. When adjusted to the initial BMI, pi−2 was 0.1 for AUC-20 min, 0.06 for AUC-40 min and 0.08 for AUC-50 min. These results must be interpretated with caution in view of the number of patients and the conditions of application of the models implemented. B: Changes in ACh CBF AUC5min after one DSCD or Control session (Study 1). Forearm CBF was recorded for 5 min after ACh administration on the forearm 25 min before and after DSCD/control sessions. p-value: comparison between before and after session. pi: interaction between time (after session compared to before session) and group (DSCD compared to control) adjusted for period and sequence, pi−2: comparison between groups (DSCD vs Control) adjusted for period, sequence and initial BMI”. When adjusted to the initial BMI, pi−2 was 0.145 for AUC-20 min. C: Changes in PO-RH CBF after three months of DSCD sessions versus control (Study 2). PO-RH; post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia. PO-RH CBF was measured on left palmar hand. PO-RH CBF AUC5min was calculated from 5 min CBF measurement after a 5 min brachial artery occlusion. The test was performed before periods 1 and 2 and again after periods 1 and 2 (24 h after the last DSCD session for the DSCD period). p-value: comparison between before and after period. pi: interaction between time (after period compared to before period) and group (DSCD compared to control) adjusted for period and sequence; pi−2: interaction between time (after compared to before) and group (DSCD compared to Control) adjusted for period, sequence and initial body mass index; pi−3: interaction between time (after compared to before) and group (DSCD compared to Control) adjusted for period, sequence and change in total physical activity. When adjusted to the initial BMI, pi−2 was 0.032, and the change in total physical activity, pi−3 was 0.073

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