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Table 6 Association of metabolic syndrome with the incidence of sudden cardiac death in retrospective/prospective

From: The clinical value of metabolic syndrome and its components with respect to sudden cardiac death using different definitions: Two decades of follow-up from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Study/

Authors Name

Follow-up, y

Age, y

Country

Sample size, Number

SCD, Number

Adjustments

MetS criteria

RR/HR (95% CI)

Paris Prospective Study I: 2007 [26]

21.2

Middle

-age

France

M: 6678

105

Age, mean number of cigarettes smoked daily in the past 5 years, sporting activity, total cholesterol, family history of sudden death, and fatal myocardial infarction

ATP III (2001)

HR: 1.68 (1.05–2.70)

IDF

HR: 2.02 (1.30–3.14)

KIHD Study: 2016 [24]

21.5

Middle

-age

Finland

M: 1466

85

Age and examination year, socio-economic status, smoking, alcohol

consumption, family history of coronary heart disease, LDL cholesterol concentrations, dietary intake of saturated fats, and energy expenditure of leisure-time physical activity

WHO

RR: 2.34 (1.45–3.78)

ATP III (2001)

RR: 2.50 (1.36–4.58)

IDF

RR: 2.20 (1.20–4.04)

JIS

RR: 2.57 (1.63–4.06)

ARIC Study: 2017 [25]

23.6

54

(49–59)*

US (24.8% blacks)

F: 7374

M: 5794

357

Age, sex, race, heart rate, smoking status, use of calcium channel blockers, b-blockers, and antiarrhythmic medications, left ventricular hypertrophy

JIS

HR: 1.70 (1.37–2.12)

Kim Study: 2022 [27]

2009

-2018

 ≥ 20

Korea

F:

1,822,892

M:

2,233,531

16,352

Age, sex, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, regular physical activity, and income level

ATP III (2005)

HR: 1.51 (1.46–1.56)

TLGS

(Present study)

17.9

52

(45–61)*

Iran

F: 2785

M: 2294

WHO-MetS:171

JIS-/IDF-/ATP III-MetS:182

Age, sex, current smoking, resting heart rate, family history of premature cardiovascular disease †

WHO

HR: 1.68 (1.20–2.35)

ATP III (2001)

HR: 1.06 (0.76–1.47)

IDF

HR: 1.51 (1.12–2.03)

JIS

HR: 1.47 (1.08–1.98)

  1. SCD sudden cardiac death, MetS metabolic syndrome, RR relative risk, HR hazard ratio, JIS Joint Interim Statement, IDF International Diabetes Federation, ATP III Adult Treatment Panel III, WHO World Health Organization, KIHD Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease, ARIC Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, TLGS Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
  2. *Median (interquartile range)
  3. †The ATP III and WHO definitions were further adjusted for using medications [lipid-lowering, and glucose-lowering medications for both definitions and antihypertensive medication use only for ATP III definition]