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Table 3 Association of combined arterial stiffness and hypertension status with macrovascular complication

From: Combined evaluation of arterial stiffness, glycemic control and hypertension for macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes

 

Cases/total (%)

Incidence rate (per 1000 person years)

Hazard Ratio (95% CI)

P value

Model 1

    

Non-hypertension and normal arterial stiffness

27/351 (7.7)

20.0

Ref.

 

Non-hypertension and moderate arterial stiffness

87/509 (17.1)

39.9

1.50 (0.94–2.40)

0.088

Non-hypertension and severe arterial stiffness

41/145 (28.3)

70.4

1.84 (1.04–3.27)

0.037

Hypertension and normal arterial stiffness

10/114 (8.8)

21.2

0.98 (0.46–2.09)

0.955

Hypertension and moderate arterial stiffness

79/427 (18.5)

47.2

1.81 (1.12–2.90)

0.015

Hypertension and severe arterial stiffness

115/324 (35.5)

94.6

2.64 (1.59–4.39)

 < 0.001

Model 2

    

Non-hypertension and moderate arterial stiffness

  

1.42 (0.88–2.29)

0.148

Non-hypertension and severe arterial stiffness

  

1.92 (1.08–3.43)

0.027

Hypertension and normal arterial stiffness

  

0.90 (0.41–1.97)

0.784

Hypertension and moderate arterial stiffness

  

1.93 (1.19–3.12)

0.008

Hypertension and severe arterial stiffness

  

2.69 (1.61–4.50)

 < 0.001

  1. Normal arterial stiffness (baPWV < 1400 cm/s); moderate arterial stiffness (1400 ≤ baPWV < 1800 cm/s); severe arterial stiffness (baPWV ≥ 1800 cm/s). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or use of any antihypertensive medication or self-reported diagnosis history of hypertension
  2. Model 1: adjusted for age (continuous) and sex; model 2: adjusted for age (continuous), sex, obesity (yes/no), eGFR (continuous), LDL cholesterol (continuous), glycemic control (good/poor), current smoking (yes/no) and physical activity (yes/no)
  3. baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate