Table 1 Characteristics according to arterial stiffness level
| Â | Arterial stiffness level | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Moderate | Severe | ||
Participants, No | 465 | 936 | 469 | Â |
Age (years) | 51.50 (8.07) | 58.42 (10.51) | 71.17 (10.78) |  < 0.001 |
Men, n (%) | 373 (80.2) | 773 (82.6) | 374 (79.7) | 0.346 |
BMI * (kg/m2) | 26.79 (3.22) | 27.63 (12.58) | 26.14 (3.09) | 0.015 |
Obesity * (n, %) | 136 (30.4) | 320 (35.3) | 121 (26.7) | 0.004 |
Physical activity (n, %) | 219 (47.1) | 413 (44.1) | 210 (44.8) | 0.570 |
Current smoking (n, %) | 132 (28.4) | 217 (23.2) | 104 (22.2) | 0.049 |
Current drinking (n, %) | 295 (63.4) | 513 (54.8) | 247 (52.7) | 0.002 |
Hypertension (n, %) | 114 (24.5) | 427 (45.6) | 324 (69.1) |  < 0.001 |
Antidiabetic (n, %) | 65 (14.0) | 200 (21.4) | 145 (30.9) |  < 0.001 |
Lipid lowering (n, %) | 22 (4.7) | 84 (9.0) | 43 (9.2) | 0.012 |
Antihypertensive (n, %) | 48 (10.3) | 181 (19.3) | 136 (29.0) |  < 0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 7.17 [5.80, 7.97] | 7.09 [5.82, 7.97] | 6.85 [5.71, 7.81] | 0.089 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.91 [4.24, 5.52] | 4.87 [4.21, 5.55] | 4.77 [4.08, 5.51] | 0.177 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.59 [1.17, 2.43] | 1.67 [1.13, 2.42] | 1.39 [1.00, 1.94] |  < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.17 [1.01, 1.38] | 1.18 [1.04, 1.37] | 1.23 [1.08, 1.47] |  < 0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.08 [2.49, 3.64] | 3.02 [2.46, 3.60] | 2.91 [2.30, 3.47] | 0.005 |
Uric acid (µmol/L) | 340 [290, 406] | 358 [306, 408] | 353 [297, 404] | 0.061 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 86.92 [76.72, 98.53] | 83.41 [74.73, 93.99] | 77.13 [69.46, 86.46] |  < 0.001 |
BaPWV, cm/s | 1311 [1247, 1359] | 1564 [1480, 1669] | 1975 [1879, 2145] |  < 0.001 |
Macrovascular complication | 37 (8.0) | 166 (17.7) | 156 (33.3) |  < 0.001 |