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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of older patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes receiving NOAC or warfarin after propensity score-based fine stratification weighting

From: Risk of heart failure in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes taking different oral anticoagulants: a nationwide cohort study

 

Population with fine stratification weights (ATE)*

Population with fine stratification weights (ATT)**

NOAC (N = 19,591)

Warfarin (N = 5,117)

SMD†

NOAC (N = 19,591)

Warfarin (N = 5,117)

SMD†

Age (years)‡

76.6 ± 7.3

76.7 ± 7.6

0.013

76.8 ± 7.4

76.9 ± 7.7

0.013

Sex

 Male

52.3

53.0

0.014

52.3

53.6

0.026

 Female

47.7

47.0

0.014

47.7

46.4

0.026

Charlson comorbidity index‡§

2.7 ± 2.0

2.7 ± 1.9

0.000

2.7 ± 2.0

2.6 ± 1.9

0.051

CHA2DS2-VASc score‡#

4.3 ± 1.5

4.2 ± 1.5

0.067

4.2 ± 1.5

4.1 ± 1.6

0.065

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

78.1

77.1

0.024

77.5

76.3

0.029

 Coronary artery disease

30.5

30.6

0.002

30.0

30.2

0.004

 COPD

12.9

13.6

0.021

12.7

13.6

0.027

 Chronic kidney disease

13.7

14.3

0.017

13.2

14.1

0.026

 Cirrhosis

4.0

4.5

0.025

3.5

4.2

0.036

 Hyperlipidemia

39.8

39.3

0.010

40.3

39.8

0.010

 Stroke

32.2

29.9

0.050

32.0

28.6

0.074

 Rheumatoid arthritis

0.8

0.7

0.012

0.8

0.7

0.012

 Gout

9.6

9.5

0.003

9.2

9.1

0.004

 Dementia

7.3

6.8

0.020

7.6

6.9

0.027

 Malignancy

9.4

9.3

0.003

9.5

9.4

0.003

Medication use

 Statins

40.2

39.7

0.010

41.3

40.8

0.010

 ACEI or ARB

61.7

61.8

0.002

61.9

62.0

0.002

 β blockers

44.5

45.8

0.026

44.3

45.9

0.032

 Calcium channel blockers

46.9

47.4

0.010

45.9

46.6

0.014

 Diuretics

22.3

23.7

0.033

21.0

23.0

0.048

 NSAID

33.4

32.6

0.017

33.4

32.3

0.023

 Corticosteroids

5.8

5.7

0.004

5.7

5.6

0.004

 Antipsychotics

5.3

5.2

0.005

5.1

5.1

0.000

 Proton pump inhibitors

9.0

8.2

0.029

9.1

8.0

0.039

Baseline diabetes medications

 Metformin

48.6

47.4

0.024

49.3

47.5

0.036

 Sulfonylurea

31.4

30.4

0.022

30.1

28.9

0.026

 Meglitinide

5.7

5.5

0.009

5.2

5.0

0.009

 AGI

7.7

8.7

0.037

7.3

8.6

0.048

 TZD

4.8

4.6

0.010

4.8

4.4

0.019

 DPP-4i

26.7

27.7

0.023

27.6

29.1

0.033

 SGLT-2i

1.7

2.0

0.022

2.1

2.4

0.020

 GLP-1 RA

0.2

0.2

0.000

0.2

0.2

0.000

 Insulin

10.2

10.0

0.007

9.9

9.8

0.003

Numbers of diabetes medications

 Without medications

33.3

33.8

0.011

33.7

34.5

0.017

 1 type

24.4

23.3

0.026

24.2

22.8

0.033

 2 types

21.4

22.4

0.024

21.3

22.0

0.017

  ≥ 3 types

20.9

20.5

0.010

20.8

20.7

0.003

Duration of diabetes&

  < 2 years

21.8

20.6

0.029

18.0

15.8

0.059

  ≥ 2 years

78.2

79.4

0.029

82.0

84.2

0.059

Duration of AF&

  < 2 years

71.2

68.5

0.059

69.9

66.0

0.084

  ≥ 2 years

28.8

31.5

0.059

30.1

34.0

0.084

Index year

 2012–2013

13.3

13.5

0.006

6.5

6.6

0.004

 2014–2015

23.6

24.0

0.009

21.2

21.7

0.012

 2016–2017

30.4

28.9

0.033

33.9

32.1

0.038

 2018–2019

32.7

33.6

0.019

38.4

39.5

0.023

Income level (NTD)

 Financially dependent

29.5

29.2

0.007

29.5

29.1

0.009

 15,840–29,999

47.8

47.9

0.002

47.2

47.6

0.008

 30,000–44,999

11.2

11.1

0.003

11.2

11.0

0.006

  ≥ 45,000

11.6

11.7

0.003

12.2

12.2

0.000

Hospital level of OAC initiation

 Medical center

36.2

34.1

0.044

38.2

35.2

0.062

 Regional hospital

44.7

47.0

0.046

44.4

47.3

0.058

 District hospital or clinic

19.1

19.0

0.003

17.5

17.5

0.000

Physician specialty

 Cardiologist

63.7

66.2

0.052

65.2

68.5

0.070

 Neurologist

19.5

16.7

0.073

20.3

16.4

0.101

 Others

16.8

17.2

0.011

14.5

15.0

0.014

  1. Data are presented as percentages unless otherwise noted
  2. ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, AF atrial fibrillation, AGI alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, ARB angiotensin II receptor blockers, ATE average treatment effect in the whole population, ATT average treatment effect among the treated population, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DPP-4i dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 RA glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, IPTW inverse probability of treatment weighting, NOAC non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NTD New Taiwan Dollar, OAC oral anticoagulant, PSM propensity score matching, SGLT-2i sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, SMD standardized mean difference, TZD thiazolidinedione
  3. *The pseudo-population constructed by propensity score-based fine stratification weighting to estimate the average treatment effect in the whole population
  4. **The pseudo-population constructed by propensity score-based fine stratification weighting to estimate the average treatment effect among the treated population
  5. †A standardized mean difference of  < 0.1 indicates a negligible difference
  6. ‡Presented as mean ± standard deviation
  7. §Calculated without scores for age
  8. #Congestive heart failure, hypertension, age  ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, sex category (CHA2DS2-VASc) score
  9. &The period from the date of first diagnosis of diabetes or AF to the index date