Table 1 Characteristics of the included observational studies
Study | Country | Design | Characteristics of participants | Number of participants | Mean age (years) | Male (%) | TyG index analysis | Outcomes reported | Variables adjusted | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hong S, et al.(1) | South Korea | Cohort | General population aged over 40 years | 5,586,048 | — | 50.7 | Categorized (Q4:Q1) | Vascular dementia | Age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, low income, BMI, hypertension and TC | 8 |
Hong S, et al.(2) | South Korea | Cohort | General population aged over 40 years | 5,593,134 | — | 50.5 | Categorized (Q4:Q1) | Stroke | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, low socioeconomic status, BMI, hypertension, TC, hypertension medications, warfarin and aspirin | 8 |
Hu LL, et al. | China | Cohort | hypertension aged over 60 years | 8487 | 68.8 | 52.8 | Categorized (Q4:Q1); Continuous | Stroke | Age, sex, BMI, WC, education, physical activity, duration of hypertension, current smoking, current drinking, SBP, DBP, serum homocysteine, SUA, LDL-C, eGFR, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, CHD, anti-hypertensive drugs and anti-platelet drugs | 8 |
Kim J, et al. | South Korea | Cohort | General population aged 40–79 years | 144,603 | — | 54.0 | Categorized (Q4:Q1) | Unclassified | Age, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, BMI, SBP, LDL-C, economic status and anti-hypertensive medications | 8 |
Alizargar J, et al. | China | Case control | General population aged over 30 years | 276 | 56.2 ± 10.7 | 56.5 | Continuous | Carotid artery disease | — | 6 |
Laura S, et al. | Spain | Cohort | Internal medicine outpatient | 5014 | — | 61.2 | Categorized (Q5:Q1) | Unclassified | Age, sex, BMI, cigarette smoking, daily alcohol intake, lifestyle pattern, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, anti aggregation therapy, HDL-C, LDL-C | 6 |
Li SS, et al. | China | Cohort | General population aged over 60 years | 6078 | 70.5 ± 6.8 | 53.1 | Categorized (Q4:Q1) | Unclassified | Age, sex, current smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, BMI, resting heart rate, SBP, HDL-C, LDL-C, diabetic status | 8 |
Liu Q, et al. | China | Cohort | General population | 96,541 | 51.2 ± 12.6 | 79.6 | Categorized (Q4:Q1); Continuous | Stroke | Age, sex, education, current smoking status, current drinking status, physical activity, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, HDL-C, LDL-C, hs-CRP, lipid-lowering medication, antidiabetic medication and antihypertensive medication | 8 |
C. Irace, et al. (a) | Italy | Cross sectional | General population | 330 | — | 56.7 | Continuous | Carotid artery disease | — | 5 |
C. Irace, et al. (b) | Italy | Cross sectional | General population | 1432 | — | 57.6 | Continuous | Carotid artery disease | — | 5 |
Mao Q, et al. | China | Cohort | NSTE-ACS | 438 | 62.5(53.0–68.0) | 67.4 | Categorized; cutoff: 8.805 | Stroke | Age, gender, metabolic syndrome, LDL-C, HDL-C, SYNTAX score, CRP, basal insulin, sulfonylurea, metformin, α-glucosidase inhibitor, ACEI/ARB, beta-blocker and PCI/CABG | 7 |
Nam Ki-W, et al. | South Korea | Cross sectional | General population aged 40–79 years | 2615 | 56.0 | 53.0 | Continuous | Cerebral small vessel disease | — | 8 |
Shi WR, et al. | China | Case control | General population aged over 40 years | 10,900 | — | 40.2 | Categorized (Q4:Q1); Continuous | Stroke | Age, sex, education level, family annual income level, exercise level, current smoking, current drinking, WC, hypertension, BMI, HDL-C, LDL-C, history of cardiovascular diseases | 7 |
Si S, et al. | England | Case control | General population aged 40–69 years | 273,368 | — | 57.3 | Categorized (Q4:Q1) | Unclassified | Age, sex, BMI, smoke status, fasting time and LDL-C | 7 |
Wang AX, et al.(1) | China | Cohort | General population aged 18–98 years | 62,443 | 49.1 ± 11.8 | 76.6 | Categorized (Q4:Q1) | Stroke | Age, sex, TyG index at baseline, education, income, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, BMI, SBP, DBP, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, antidiabetic agents, lipid-lowering agents, antihypertensive agents, HDL-C and hs-CRP at baseline | 9 |
Wang AX, et al.(2) | China | Cohort | General population aged 18–98 years | 97,653 | 51.7(43.5–59.0) | 79.6 | Categorized (Q4:Q1) | Stroke | Age, sex, level of education, income, smoking, alcohol abuse, physical activity, BMI, SBP, DBP, history of myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, HDL-C, LDL-C, hs-CRP, antidiabetic drugs, lipid-lowering drugs and antihypertensive drugs | 9 |
Wang AX, et al.(3) | China | Cross sectional | General population aged 18–98 years | 4748 | 51.8(45.3–60.4) | 58.9 | Categorized (Q4:Q1); Continuous | Carotid artery disease | Age, sex, education, income, physical activity, smoking status, drinking status, history of hypertension and dyslipidemia, BMI, SBP, DBP, antihypertensive agents, lipid-lowering agents, HDL-C, LDL-C and hs-CRP | 7 |
Wang AX, et al.(4 A) | China | Cross sectional | General population aged over 40 years | 5381 | 52.5(45.6–61.6) | 59.8 | Categorized (Q4:Q1); Continuous | Intracranial arterial disease | Age, sex, BMI, education, income, physical activity, smoking status, drinking status, history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, antihypertensive agents, antidiabetic agents, lipid-lowering agents, HDL-C, LDL-C and hs-CRP | 8 |
Wang AX, et al.(4B) | China | Cohort | General population aged over 40 years | 5381 | 52.5(45.6–61.6) | 59.8 | Categorized (Q4:Q1); Continuous | Intracranial arterial disease | Age, sex, BMI, education, income, physical activity, smoking status, drinking status, history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, antihypertensive agents, antidiabetic agents lipid-lowering agents, HDL-C, LDL-C and hs-CRP | 7 |
Chen L, et al. | China | Cohort | T2DM | 1578 | 62.9 ± 8.0 | 70.7 | Categorized (Q3:Q1) | Stroke | — | 7 |
Chiu H, et al. | China | Cross sectional | T2DM | 1990 | — | 43.0 | Categorized (Q4:Q1) | Unclassified | — | 5 |
Wang L, et al. | China | Cohort | diabetes and acute coronary syndrome | 2531 | 66.3 ± 6.8 | 55.9 | Categorized (Q3:Q1) | Stroke | Age, male, smoker, previous MI, previous CABG, BMI, LVEF, left main disease, multi-vessel disease, HbA1c, hs-CRP, statin and insulin | 5 |
Wu ZY, et al.(a) | China | Cohort | General population aged over 18 years | 6955 | 44.6 ± 10.1 | 61.3 | Categorized (Q4:Q1); Continuous | Carotid artery disease | Age, sex, BMI, waist-hip ratio, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, SBP, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, TC, SUA, eGFR, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity and IMT value at baseline | 8 |
Wu ZY, et al.(b) | China | Cohort | General population aged over 18 years | 8473 | 44.7 ± 9.8 | 56.8 | Categorized (Q4:Q1); Continuous | Carotid artery disease | Age, sex, BMI, waist-hip ratio, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, SBP, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, TC, SUA, eGFR, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity and IMT value at baseline | 8 |
Zhang NN, et al. | China | Cross sectional | General population aged over 40 years | 1938 | — | 47.7 | Continuous | Intracranial arterial disease | Age, gender, hypertension, smoking habit, drinking habit, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC and obesity | 8 |
Zhang Y, et al.(1) | China | Cohort | ACS | 1655 | — | 73.9 | Categorized; cutoff: 8.33 | Stroke | — | 5 |
Zhang Y, et al.(2) | China | Cohort | T2DM and acute MI | 1932 | 65.4 ± 12.0 | 68.5 | Categorized (Q3:Q1) | Stroke | Age, BMI, history of stroke and PCI, antiplatelet agent used before admission, WBC, hemoglobin, albumin, eGFR, LVEF, angiography findings, in-hospital treatment and hypoglycemic agents | 7 |
Zhao Q, et al. | China | Cohort | NSTE-ACS without Diabetes | 1510 | 59.7 ± 9.3 | 73.7 | Continuous | Stroke | Age, gender, BMI, smoking history, hypertension, dyslipidemia, previous history of MI, PCI, stroke and PAD, diagnosis, TC, HDL-C, eGFR, HbA1c, LVEF, LM disease, three-vessel disease, chronic total occlusion, diffuse lesion, in-stent restenosis, SYNTAX score, treatment of LM, LCX, RCA, DES implantation, DCB application, complete revascularization, and number of stents, DAPT at admission, statins at admission, and ACEI/ARB at discharge | 8 |
Guo QY, et al. | China | Cohort | prediabetes and ACS | 2030 | 58.9 ± 10.3 | 74.1 | Categorized; cutoff: 8.83 | Stroke | — | 5 |
Zhao S, et al. | China | Cross sectional | General population aged over 65 years | 2830 | 71.5 ± 6.2 | 55.5 | Categorized (Q4:Q1) | Carotid artery disease | Age, sex, BMI, WC, smoking habit, hypertension, family history of premature CVD, diabetes, HDL-C, LDL-C, insulin and statin therapy | 7 |
Zhao Y, et al. | China | Cohort | General population aged over 40 years | 11,777 | — | 40.9 | Categorized (Q4:Q1) | Stroke | Age, gender, marital status, income, education level, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, family history of stroke, SBP, DBP, resting heart rate, BMI, WC, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C | 8 |