Table 2 Baseline characteristics according to the development of incident three-point major adverse cardiovascular events (3P-MACE) in patients with heart failure hospitalization
|  | Total (n = 783) | 3P MACE (-) (n = 624) | 3P MACE ( +) (n = 159) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 72.3 ± 13.8 | 72.4 ± 13.9 | 71.7 ± 13.8 | 0.472 |
Male | 384 (49.0) | 297 (47.6) | 87 (54.7) | 0.109 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 (21.2–26.5) | 23.8 (21.3–26.7) | 22.6 (20.4–25.1) | 0.002 |
Smoking (current) | 122 (15.6) | 95 (15.2) | 27 (17.0) | 0.390 |
T2DM | 397 (50.7) | 295 (47.3) | 102 (64.2) |  < 0.001 |
Duration of T2DM (years) | 12.0 ± 10.8 | 12.2 ± 10.9 | 11.2 ± 10.7 | 0.484 |
Hypertension | 514 (65.6) | 402 (64.4) | 112 (70.4) | 0.154 |
History of CHD | 140 (17.9) | 101 (16.2) | 39 (24.5) | 0.014 |
History of stroke | 77 (9.8) | 60 (9.6) | 17 (10.7) | 0.684 |
History of heart failure | 137 (17.5) | 98 (15.7) | 39 (24.5) | 0.009 |
Duration of HF (years) | 4.6 ± 4.4 | 5.3 ± 5.0 | 3.6 ± 2.9 | 0.206 |
Etiology of heart failure | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 Ischemic cause (coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction) | 229 (29.2) | 167 (26.8) | 62 (39.0) |  |
 Nonischemic cause | 554 (70.8) | 457 (73.2) | 97 (61.0) |  |
Chronic kidney disease | 317 (41.8) | 248 (39.7) | 79 (49.7) | 0.023 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 132.0 ± 27.4 | 133.1 ± 27.4 | 128.1 ± 27.5 | 0.101 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 79.0 ± 16.0 | 79.5 ± 15.9 | 76.4 ± 16.2 | 0.056 |
Heart rate (beats per min) | 92.7 ± 23.0 | 92.6 ± 23.3 | 93.1 ± 21.8 | 0.397 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 41.9 ± 15.4 | 43.2 ± 15.5 | 36.8 ± 14.1 |  < 0.001 |
E/e’ | 19.9 ± 9.7 | 19.3 ± 9.2 | 23.0 ± 11.2 |  < 0.001 |
Hypoglycemia during hospitalization | 79 (10.1) | 48 (7.7) | 31 (19.5) |  < 0.001 |
Laboratory variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 FPG (mmol/L) | 6.6 ± 3.2 | 6.6 ± 3.0 | 6.9 ± 4.0 | 0.754 |
 HbA1c (%) | 6.7 ± 2.5 | 6.7 ± 2.7 | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 0.002 |
 eGFR (mL min−1 1.73 m−2) | 66.8 (45.0–87.7) | 69.2 (45.8–89.5) | 61.1 (36.0–80.7) | 0.003 |
 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 0.916 |
 Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.962 |
 HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.456 |
 LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 0.533 |
 NT-pro BNP (pg/mL) | 4238 (1860–9302) | 3825 (1603–7922) | 7490 (3002–19,361) |  < 0.001 |
 hsTnT (ng/L) | 29.0 (17.0–65.0) | 26.0 (16.0–55.5) | 54.0 (27.0–122.8) |  < 0.001 |
 CK-MB (ng/ml) | 3.2 (2.1–5.6) | 3.2 (2.1–5.4) | 3.7 (2.2–6.8) | 0.044 |
 CPK (U/L) | 104.0 (68.5–170.0) | 103.0 (69.0–167.3) | 105.0 (65.0–191.0) | 0.891 |
 CRP (mg/dl) | 0.5 (0.2–2.0) | 0.5 (0.2–1.8) | 0.8 (0.3–2.9) | 0.010 |
Medication | Â | Â | - | Â |
 Cardiovascular medication |  |  |  | |
  ACEi/ARB | 266 (34.0) | 214 (34.3) | 52 (32.7) | 0.705 |
  ß-blocker | 207 (26.5) | 170 (27.3) | 37 (23.3) | 0.305 |
  CCB | 184 (23.6) | 149 (24.0) | 35 (22.0) | 0.607 |
  Diuretics | 336 (42.9) | 252 (40.4) | 84 (52.8) | 0.005 |
  Aspirin | 190 (24.3) | 148 (23.7) | 42 (26.4) | 0.479 |
  Statin | 203 (25.9) | 162 (26.0) | 41 (25.8) | 0.964 |
 Diabetes treatment |  |  |  |  |
  Insulin | 40 (5.1) | 32 (5.1) | 8 (5.0) | 0.961 |
  Sulfonylurea | 89 (11.4) | 63 (10.1) | 26 (16.4) | 0.027 |
  Metformin | 120 (15.3) | 88 (14.1) | 32 (20.1) | 0.060 |
  DPP-4 inhibitor | 127 (16.2) | 94 (15.1) | 33 (20.8) | 0.082 |