Table 1 Characteristics of the study population (n = 2708) according to obesity and NAFLD status

Non-obese

(n = 935)

Obese

(n = 438)

Obese

(n = 851)

Non-obese

(n = 484)

Men (%)

524 (56.0)

292 (66.7) ^*

606 (71.0) ^*

283 (58.4) ^†§

Age (year)

55.2 (12.1)

55.7 (12.2)

48.9 (13.7) ^*†

52.5 (12.0) ^*†§

BMI (kg/m²)

22.0 (2.05)

27.4 (2.39) ^*

28.3 (3.02) ^*†

23.1 (1.60) ^*†§

Waist circumstance (cm)

86.8 (26.4)

97.0 (8.43) ^*

99.9 (9.37) ^*†

89.3 (6.31) ^†§

Systolic BP (mmHg)

129 (21.4)

135 (20.0) ^*

135 (41.8) ^*

129 (18.9) ^†§

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

79.4 (12.2)

82.1 (11.8) ^*

85.8 (12.3) ^*†

82.0 (11.6) ^*§

FPG (mmol/L)

8.37 (3.21)

8.39 (2.90)

9.19 (3.42) ^*†

8.95 (3.50)

HOMA-IR

1.68 (0.81–3.17)

2.78 (1.35–5.12) ^*

3.38 (1.79–5.48) ^*

2.27 (1.25–4.09) ^*§

HbA1c (%)

9.17 (2.54)

8.78 (2.30) ^*

9.51 (2.24) ^*†

9.79 (2.37) ^*†

TC (mg/dL)

170 (45.8)

165 (44.0)

183 (51.8) ^*†

185 (48.7) ^*†

TG (mg/dL)

139 (92.1–213)

168 (112–272) ^*

241 (159–390) ^*†

218 (142–381) ^*†§

LDL-C (mg/dL)

105 (36.9)

100 (36.2)

107 (36.9) ^†

110 (37.8) ^†

HDL-C (mg/dL)

43.8 (12.6)

40.0 (9.94) ^*

36.4 (8.09) ^*†

38.6 (9.52) ^*§

Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)

127 (43.6)

124 (42.9)

147 (51.8) ^*†

145 (46.5) ^*†

ALT (U/L)

15.0 (12.0–22.0)

19.0 (13.8–27.0) ^*

27.0 (18.0–41.0) ^*†

21.0 (15.0–30.0) ^*†§

AST (U/L)

17.0 (14.0–21.0)

18.0 (15.0–24.0) ^*

21.0 (17.0–29.0) ^*†

18.0 (15.0–24.0) ^*§

γ-GT (U/L)

20.0 (15.0–31.0)

26.0 (19.0–38.0) ^*

38.0 (26.0–57.0) ^*†

31.0 (20.0–46.0) ^*†§

Cr (µmol/L)

68.0 (56.0–85.0)

76.0 (60.5–95.0) ^*

71.0 (60.0–83.0) ^†

64.0 (54.0–78.2) ^*†§

UA (µmol/L)

305 (187)

339 (108) ^*

367 (103) ^*†

320 (95.3) ^§

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

90.8 (26.3)

85.6 (26.3) ^*

98.2 (22.3) ^*†

98.5 (21.9) ^*†

UACR (mg/g)

14.1 (6.80–50.2)

17.4 (7.10–101) ^*

15.6 (6.70–48.9) ^†

11.9 (6.60–27.1) ^*†§

IMT (mm)

0.77 (0.39)

0.79 (0.25)

0.75 (0.19)

0.74 (0.15)

SAT (cm²)

133 (43.1)

194 (43.8) ^*

233 (73.2) ^*†

162 (42.8) ^*†§

VAT (cm²)

55.2 (32.9)

104 (41.9) ^*

123 (45.4) ^*†

81.5 (30.1) ^*†§

VSR

0.36 (0.22)

0.47 (0.17) ^*

0.49 (0.13) ^*

0.45 (0.17) ^*

T2DM duration (year)

7.84 (7.11)

8.44 (7.61)

4.90 (5.98) ^*†

5.54 (6.56) ^*†

Smoking (%)

241 (25.7)

116 (26.5)

283 (33.2) ^*†

134 (27.7)

BP ≥ 130/80 mmHg (%)

570 (61.0)

308 (70.3) ^*

664 (78.0) ^*†

330 (68.2) ^*§

HbA1c ≥ 7.0% (%)

718 (78.1)

332 (76.9)

744 (88.2) ^*†

424 (88.5) ^*†

TG ≥ 150 mg/dL (%)

419 (45.3)

246 (57.1) ^*

664 (78.2) ^*†

348 (72.5) ^*†§

LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL (%)

485 (52.5)

211 (49.0)

482 (57.0) ^†

286 (60.0) ^*†

HDL-C ≤ 40/50 mg/dL for men/women (%)

531 (57.5)

287 (66.4) ^*

681 (80.7) ^*†

347 (72.6) ^*§

HFpEF (%)

145 (16.7)

76 (18.9)

160 (20.1)

107 (23.5) ^*

LVH (%)

131 (14.6)

78 (18.6)

105 (12.8) ^†

51 (10.9) ^†

Anti-diabetic drugs (%)

678 (72.5)

290 (66.2) ^*

513 (60.3) ^*

286 (59.1) ^*†

SUs

186 (19.9)

76 (17.4)

132 (15.5)

81 (16.7)

Non-SUs

33 (3.53)

8 (1.83)

17 (2.00)

11 (2.27)

Biguanides

297 (31.8)

155 (35.4)

283 (33.3)

160 (33.1)

AGIs

269 (28.8)

123 (28.1)

174 (20.4) ^*†

93 (19.2) ^*†

TZDs

60 (6.42)

48 (11.0) ^*

61 (7.17)

24 (4.96) ^†

DPP-4Is

83 (8.88)

45 (10.3)

52 (6.11)

55 (11.4) ^§

SGLT-2Is

39 (4.17)

22 (5.02)

40 (4.70)

14 (2.89)

Insulin

337 (36.0)

185 (42.2)

210 (24.7) ^*†

117 (24.2) ^*†

GLP-1RAs

5 (0.53)

11 (2.51) ^*

19 (2.23) ^*

4 (0.83)

Anti-hypertensive drugs (%)

283 (30.3)

221 (50.5) ^*

340 (40.0) ^*†

143 (29.5) ^†§

Lipid-lowering drugs (%)

101 (10.8)

73 (16.7) ^*

107 (12.6)

56 (11.6)

Degree of steatosis (%) ^a

Mild

-

-

267 (61.2)

205 (80.7)

Moderate

-

-

128 (29.4)

42 (16.5)

Severe

-

-

41 (9.40)

7 (2.76)

History of CVD (%)

139 (14.9)

95 (21.7) ^*

109 (12.8) ^†

44 (9.09) ^*†