Table 6 Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses showing the associations between baseline characteristics and change in echocardiographic parameters (N = 146)

Univariate

Multivariable

Univariate

Multivariable

Beta (95%CI)

p-value

Beta (95%CI)

p-value

Beta (95%CI)

p-value

Beta (95%CI)

p-value

TSP2, ng/ml

0.90 (0.15–1.66)

0.02

0.75 (0.02–1.49)

0.04

3.41 (0.54–6.28)

0.02

4.12 (1.48–6.77)

< 0.01

Baseline Average E/e’

−0.16 (−0.29–−0.03)

0.02

−0.24 (−0.38–−0.09)

< 0.01

Baseline LAVi, ml/m²

−0.37 (−0.51–−0.23)

< 0.001

−0.42 (−0.56–−0.28)

< 0.001

Age, years

0.00 (−0.04–0.04)

0.96

0.02 (−0.03–0.06)

0.46

0.12 (−0.02–0.26)

0.09

0.09 (−0.05–0.22)

0.23

Men

0.12 (−0.62–0.85)

0.76

−0.03 (−0.72–0.66)

0.93

−0.82 (−3.53–1.89)

0.55

−0.53 (−2.94–1.87)

0.66

Duration of DM, years*

−0.80 (−2.66–1.07)

0.40

0.17 (−6.40–6.73)

0.96

BMI, kg/m²

0.07 (−0.01–0.15)

0.09

0.05 (−0.03–0.12)

0.20

0.00 (−0.30–0.30)

0.98

−0.03 (−0.30–0.24)

0.84

Systolic BP, mmHg

0.02 (−0.01–0.04)

0.15

0.07 (−0.01–0.14)

0.08

0.07 (0.00–0.14)

0.05

Diastolic BP, mmHg

0.03 (−0.01–0.08)

0.12

−0.01 (−0.17–0.16)

0.94

Smoker

0.12 (−0.72–0.97)

0.77

1.26 (−1.78–4.29)

0.42

Hypertension

1.06 (0.19–1.92)

0.02

1.03 (0.16–1.90)

0.02

−0.10 (−3.37–3.18)

0.95

Dyslipidemia

1.02 (0.21–1.84)

0.01

0.86 (0.10–1.63)

0.03

1.98 (−1.13–5.09)

0.21

CKD stage ≥ 3

0.31 (−0.76–1.38)

0.57

3.70 (−0.03–7.43)

0.05

0.71 (−2.86–4.28)

0.70

HbA1c, %

0.17 (−0.12–0.46)

0.26

1.23 (0.20–2.26)

0.02

−0.13 (−1.10–1.36)

0.83

HbA1c, mmol/mol

0.02 (−0.01–0.04)

0.26

0.11 (0.02–0.21)

0.02

0.01 (−0.10–0.12)

0.83

FG, mg/dL

0.00 (−0.01–0.01)

0.94

0.03 (0.00–0.06)

0.04

0.06 (−0.52–0.64)

0.84

eGFR*, ml/min/1.73m²

−0.96 (−3.75–1.83)

0.50

−12.99 (−22.87–−3.10)

0.01

HDL-C, mg/dL

−0.03 (−0.06–0.00)

0.04

0.02 (−0.09–0.12)

0.75

LDL-C, mg/dL

−0.02 (−0.04–−0.01)

< 0.01

−0.02 (−0.07–0.04)

0.57

Triglyceride*, mg/dL

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

0.53

0.00 (−0.01–0.01)

0.92

Insulin

0.72 (−0.01–1.45)

0.05

0.37 (−0.32–1.05)

0.30

1.47 (−1.24–4.19)

0.29

Metformin

1.06 (−0.91–3.02)

0.29

−1.48 (−8.58–5.62)

0.68

Sulfonylureas

−0.10 (−0.83–0.64)

0.80

−1.19 (−3.89–1.51)

0.39

DPP4i

0.01 (−0.90–0.91)

0.98

−0.33 (−3.69–3.03)

0.85

ACEI/ARB

0.47 (−0.30–1.22)

0.23

−0.01 (−2.80–2.78)

0.99

Beta blocker

0.55 (−0.22–1.32)

0.16

1.35 (−1.48–4.19)

0.35

CCB

0.78 (0.05–1.50)

0.04

2.39 (−0.28–5.06)

0.08

Diuretics

0.88 (−0.37–2.14)

0.17

1.36 (−3.18–5.91)

0.56

Statin

0.95 (0.22–1.68)

0.01

−0.31 (−3.06–2.46)

0.83