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Table 2 Independent and mutually adjusted associations of metabolic status and physical activity with atrial fibrillation*

From: Association between metabolically healthy obesity and risk of atrial fibrillation: taking physical activity into consideration

 

AF

AF death

Exposure*

No. of cases/No. of total participants

HR (95% CI), p-value

No. of cases/No. of total participants

HR (95% CI), p-value

Metabolic status

MUO

2,904/54,627

Ref

58/54,627

Ref

MHO

320/16,861

0.65 (0.57, 0.73), p < 0.01

5/16,861

0.67 (0.27, 1.70), p = 0.40

Physical activity

No MVPA

715/13,600

Ref

18/13,600

Ref

low

887/20,727

0.91 (0.83, 1.01), p = 0.07

17/20,727

0.76 (0.39, 1.49), p = 0.43

medium

456/11,317

0.84 (0.75, 0.95), p < 0.01

8/11,317

0.62 (0.27, 1.44), p = 0.26

high

1,166/25,844

0.88 (0.80, 0.97), p = 0.01

20/25,844

0.62 (0.32, 1.20), p = 0.16

  1. * ‘Metabolically healthy’ indicated none of the metabolic disorders, and ‘metabolically unhealthy’ indicated at least one of the metabolic disorders, where metabolic disorders included hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. Participants who met at least one of the following criteria were deemed to be hypertensive: systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, taking anti-hypertensive medications, a self-reported history of hypertension or ICD-10 code I10-I15 and ICD-9 code 401 and 403. Self-reported history of high cholesterol, taking medications, or ICD-10 code E780 and ICD-9 code 2720 was the criteria for hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes mellitus was defined as hospital records of diabetes at baseline based on ICD-10 code E10-E14 and ICD-9 code 250 or taking medications or a self-reported history of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. In line with public health guidelines, PA was categorized into four groups according to the level of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA): none (0 MET-mins per week for MVPA), low (< 600 MET-mins per week), medium (600 - 1200 MET-mins per week), and high (≥ 1200 MET-mins per week)
  2. * Models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, income, sleep scores, mental health issues, employment status, Townsend deprivation index, vegetable and fruit intake, sedentary behavior, cardiovascular disease and mutually adjusted for physical activity or metabolic status as appropriate
  3. AF, atrial fibrillation; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obesity; MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840