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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of hypertension participants by healthy lifestyle score

From: Association between healthy lifestyle and the occurrence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in hypertensive patients: a prospective cohort study of UK Biobank

 

Healthy lifestyle score

Very unhealthy

Unhealthy

Healthy

Very healthy

No. (%) of participants

2505 (4.7)

4242 (7.9)

13,955 (21.6)

32,695 (61.2)

Age at survey, mean (SD), years

56.46 (7.69)

57.87 (7.34)

58.84 (7.16)

60.19 (6.85)

Sex

 Women, No. (%)

626 (25.0)

1292 (30.5)

4048 (29.0)

16,887 (51.7)

 Men, No. (%)

1879 (75.0)

2950 (69.5)

9907 (71.0)

15,808 (48.3)

Ethnicity

 Non-white, No. (%)

94 (3.8)

132 (3.1)

255 (1.8)

930 (2.8)

 White, No. (%)

2411 (96.2)

4110 (96.9)

13,700 (98.2)

31,766 (97.2)

 Townsend deprivation index, mean (SD)a

− 0.16 (3.43)

− 1.14 (3.17)

− 1.57 (2.91)

− 1.82 (2.77)

 BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2

28.13 (4.67)

29.20 (4.85)

29.04 (4.48)

28.00 (4.40)

 Sedentary time, mean (SD)b, h

5.65 (2.87)

5.28 (2.52)

4.91 (2.33)

4.66 (2.11)

 Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg

147.25 (18.58)

147.49 (17.46)

148.94 (17.45)

148.85 (17.89)

 Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg

88.58 (10.67)

88.70 (10.11)

88.65 (9.79)

87.27 (9.71)

 Use of lipid-lowering drugs, No. (%)

666 ( 26.6)

1200 (28.3)

3950 (28.3)

8591 (26.3)

 Use of antihypertensive, No. (%)

1389 (55.4)

2613 (61.6)

8765 (62.8)

20,993 ( 64.2)

 Use of aspirin, No. (%)

446 (17.8)

833 (19.6)

2451 (17.6)

5564 (17.0)

Healthy lifestyle factorsc

 Regular physical activity, No. (%)

1558 (62.2)

1609 (37.9)

9842 (70.5)

30,404 ( 93.0)

 Not currently smoking, No. (%)

0 (0.0)

2510 (59.2)

13,452 (96.4)

32,696 (100.0)

 Healthy diet, No. (%)

264 (10.5)

1234 (29.1)

2562 (18.4)

26,107 (79.9)

 Non-excessive drinking, No. (%)

200 (8.0)

621 (14.6)

2557 (18.3)

21,074 (64.5)

  1. Continuous variables are shown by mean and standard deviation, categorical variables are shown by numbers and percentages
  2. BMI body mass index
  3. aTownsend deprivation index: Townsend deprivation index was used as a measure of socioeconomic status, which mainly included index of multiple deprivations, education score, crime score, employment score, health score, income score, housing score, living environment score
  4. bSedentary time: The total self-reported hours spent watching television, using the computer, or driving
  5. cRegular physical activity: 150 minutes of walking or moderate activity per week or 75 minutes of vigorous activity; Non-excessive drinking:we collected weekly consumption of red wine, white wine or champagne, beer or cider, spirits or liqueurs, and fortified wine and converted them into equivalent standard units according to National Health Service guidelines and the Office for National Statistics survey data (Additional file 1: Text S1). The participants were grouped as excessive drinking ( ≥ 14 units per week) or non-excessive drinking (< 14 units per week). Healthy diet: (1) Total fruit and vegetable intake: ≥ 4.5 pieces or servings per day (1 serving being 3 tablespoons); (2) Total fish take ≥ 2 times per week; (3) Red meat intake ≤ 5 times per week and processed meat intake ≤ 2 times per week. The healthy diet score was 1 point for more than 2 of the following three items, otherwise 0 points