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Table 2 The immunological features of COVID-19 patients with and without cardiac injury grouped by DM

From: Immune-inflammatory biomarkers and the risk of cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients with diabetes: a retrospective cohort study

Characteristics

Without DM

With DM

p value

All (A)

non-cardiac injury

cardiac injury

p value

All (B)

non-cardiac injury

cardiac injury

p value

A vs. B

C3 (g/l)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

0.287

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

0.001

0.208

C4 (g/l)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.015

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.209

0.23

IgA (g/l)

2.3 (1.7–2.9)

2.3 (1.7–2.9)

2.4 (2.0–3.0)

0.082

2.7 (2.0–3.6)

2.6 (1.9–3.4)

3.1 (2.1–3.8)

0.065

 < 0.001

IgE (IU/ml)

42.0 (9.2–106.3)

42.0 (9.2–107.8)

40.5 (9.2–90.5)

0.928

54.0 (9.2–13.0)

54.0 (9.2–143.0)

50.5 (9.2–95.8)

0.289

0.157

IgG (g/l)

11.7 (10.0–13.9)

11.7 (10.0–13.9)

11.8 (9.6–13.9)

0.835

12.3 (10.4–14.9)

12.1 (10.1–14.7)

12.8 (11.4–15.1)

0.205

0.009

IgM (g/l)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.9 (0.6–1.2)

0.249

0.9 (0.7–1.3)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

0.069

0.695

WBC (× 109/l)

5.2 (3.9–7.0)

5.1 (3.9–6.8)

6.2 (4.4–10.0)

0.001

6.2 (4.7–8.3)

5.8 (4.5–7.6)

7.0 (5.2–11.4)

0.008

 < 0.001

LYM (× 109/l)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

0.8 (0.6–1.3)

 < 0.001

0.9 (0.6–1.2)

1.0 (0.6–1.3)

0.7 (0.5–1.0)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

NEU (× 109/l)

3.3 (2.4–5.1)

3.3 (2.3–4.8)

4.7 (3.0–7.8)

 < 0.001

4.7 (3.3–6.9)

4.2 (2.8–6.1)

5.7 (4.2–9.5)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Baso (× 109/l)

0.01 (0.01–0.02)

0.01 (0.01–0.02)

0.01 (0.01–0.02)

0.332

0.01 (0.01–0.03)

0.01 (0.01–0.03)

0.01 (0.01–0.02)

0.137

0.196

EOS (× 109/l)

0.02 (0.00–0.06)

0.02 (0.00–0.06)

0.01 (0.00–0.04)

0.226

0.01 (0.00–0.06)

0.01 (0.00–0.08)

0.00 (0.00–0.01)

 < 0.001

0.032

CD3 + T cells (cells/ul)

657.5 (442.5–940.5)

677.0 (457.5–962.5)

452.0 (249.0–619.0)

 < 0.001

480.0 (283.5–79.0)

558.0 (322.0–844.0)

338.0 (237.8–41.4)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

CD3 + CD4 + T cells (cells/ul)

392.5 (246.5–576.0)

407.0 (260.5–596.5)

265.0 (158.0–414.0)

 < 0.001

292.0 (182.5–84.0)

365.0 (193.5–35.0)

203.0 (125.3–16.0)

 < 0.001

0.033

CD3 + CD8 + T cells (cells/ul)

223.0 (138.0–334.8)

228.0 (147.0–338.0)

165.0 (74.0–232.0)

 < 0.001

149.0 (80.0–260.5)

176.0 (100.5–263.5)

110.0 (59.0–204.3)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

CD4/CD8 ratio

1.8 (1.2–2.6)

1.8 (1.3–2.5)

1.8 (1.1–2.7)

0.942

1.9 (1.3–2.9)

1.9 (1.3–2.8)

2.0 (1.2–3.5)

0.693

0.033

CD19 + B cells (cells/ul)

135.0 (90.0–205.0)

138.0 (92.0–206.0)

112.0 (66.0–158.0)

0.004

119.0 (77.5–189.5)

131.0 (83.5–225.0)

102.5 (60.0–169.8)

0.007

0.044

CD16 + CD56 + NK cells (cells/ul)

118.0 (77.0–185.0)

117.0 (77.0–183.0)

145.0 (59.0–252.0)

0.438

109.0 (63.0–171.0)

115.0 (68.0–176.5)

79.0 (45.5–170.8)

0.057

0.018

IL2 (pg/ml)

3.8 (3.4–4.1)

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

0.542

3.7 (3.3–4.1)

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

0.659

0.516

IL4 (pg/ml)

3.4 (3.0–3.9)

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

0.663

3.4 (3.0–3.8)

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

0.337

0.604

IL5 (pg/ml)

2.2 (2.1–2.3)

2.2 (2.1–2.3)

2.3 (2.1–2.3)

0.992

2.2 (2.1–2.4)

2.3 (2.2–2.4)

2.0 (2.0–2.3)

0.19

0.804

IL6 (pg/ml)

6.0 (3.1–11.7)

6.0 (3.0–11.0)

9.5 (5.0–22.3)

0.007

10.7 (5.5–25.1)

8.0 (5.0–19.0)

25.0 (13.8–90.0)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

IL10 (pg/ml)

5.5 (4.7–6.7)

6.0 (5.0–7.0)

6.0 (5.0–8.5)

0.022

6.3 (5.1–8.0)

6.0 (5.0–8.0)

8.0 (6.0–9.0)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

TNF-α (pg/ml)

3.4 (2.9–4.7)

3.0 (3.0–5.0)

3.0 (3.0–4.0)

0.35

3.3 (2.9–5.7)

3.0 (3.0–6.0)

3.0 (3.0–5.3)

0.611

0.447

γ-interferon (pg/ml)

3.5 (3.0–4.3)

3.0 (3.0–4.0)

3.0 (3.0–4.0)

0.001

3.4 (3.0–4.3)

3.0 (3.0–4.0)

3.5 (3.0–4.3)

0.008

 < 0.001

CRP (mg/l)

4.8 (2.2–28.4)

4.0 (2.0–21.0)

36.0 (7.0–65.0)

0.009

4.4 (2.3–51.9)

4.0 (2.0–32.4)

39.0 (4.0–196.0)

0.032

0.567

PCT (ng/ml)

0.1 (0.0–0.10)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

 < 0.001

0.1 (0.1–0.3)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–1.0)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

NLR

3.0 (1.9–5.4)

2.8 (1.8–5.1)

5.1 (3.5–12.5)

 < 0.001

5.9 (3.0–10.5)

4.3 (2.6–9.3)

8.8 (6.3–14.7)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  1. Baso basophils, C3 complement 3, C4 complement 4, CRP C-reaction protein, DM diabetes mellitus, EOS eosinophils, IgA immunoglobulin A, IgE immunoglobulin E, IgG immunoglobulin G, IgM immunoglobulin M, IL-2 interleukin-2, IL-4 interleukin-4, IL-5 interleukin-5, IL-6 interleukin-6, IL-10 interleukin-10, LYM lymphocytes, NLR neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio, PCT procalcitonin, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, WBC white blood cells