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Fig. 3 | Cardiovascular Diabetology

Fig. 3

From: Proteomics of fibrin amyloid microclots in long COVID/post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) shows many entrapped pro-inflammatory molecules that may also contribute to a failed fibrinolytic system

Fig. 3

A representation of our understanding of disease progression and pathophysiology from acute COVID-19 to long COVID. A Depending on the severity of acute COVID-19 disease, dysregulation with increased levels of the following biomarkers have been found, namely P-selectin [47], fibrinogen, D-dimer and VWF [11]. Abnormal clotting and hypercoagulability are seen early in acute COVID-19 disease with the development of thrombocytopaenia and a risk of bleeding as disease severity progresses. Therefore, the optimal time for intervention is early on in acute COVID-19 disease to address the presence of abnormal clotting. B Progression to long COVID disease with patients presenting with debilitating symptoms such as “brainfog,” dyspnoea, chest pain and chronic fatigue and the presence of microclots that may block capillaries with limited passage of red blood cells resulting in reduced O2 and CO2 exchange. Created with BioRender.com

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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840