Table 1 Comparison of biochemical and anthropometric characteristics between healthy control subjects (CTR) and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
Variables | CTR N = 115 | T2DM N = 568 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 68 (62–73) | 67 (61–72) | 0.215 |
Sex (Males %) | 62 (54%) | 308 (54%) | 0.951 |
Current smoking (n %) | 19 (17%) | 84 (15%) | 0.641 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 26.5 (23.9–29.0) | 28.1 (25.8–31.4) | < 0.001 |
Weight (Kg) | 73 (64–81) | 77 (69.0–86.0) | < 0.001 |
Waist-hip ratio | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | 0.94 (0.89–0.98) | 0.004 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 218 (188–244) | 206 (181–233) | 0.006 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 56 (46–67) | 50 (42–60) | 0.001 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 128 (108–151) | 114 (96–135) | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 93 (71–132) | 116 (83–159) | < 0.001 |
ApoA1 (mg/dL) | 172 (153–195) | 163 (146–186) | 0.024 |
ApoB (mg/dL) | 101 (87–121) | 100 (84–118) | 0.399 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 92 (88–99) | 153 (133–183) | < 0.001 |
HbA1C (%) | 5.7 (5.5–6.0) | 7.3 (6.6–8.0) | < 0.001 |
Insulin (µUI/mL) | 5.48 (3.67–7.32) | 5.75 (3.69–8.72) | 0.233 |
HOMA index | 1.19 (0.80–1.69) | 2.15 (1.39–3.59) | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.1 (13.4–14.9) | 14.3 (13.4–15.2) | 0.127 |
WBC (n/mm3) | 6.1 (5.2–7.0) | 6.6 (5.6–7.6) | 0.004 |
Platelets (n/mm3) | 227 (181–272) | 210 (179–252) | 0.047 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.8 (0.9–3.2) | 2.5 (1.2–4.7) | 0.002 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 286 (242–334) | 298 (255–346) | 0.203 |
Iron (µg/dL) | 74.5 (62.3–100.0) | 81.0 (64.8–96.3) | 0.358 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 98 (53–152) | 89 (47–162) | 0.892 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.050 |
eGFR (mL/min) | 82 (70–98) | 81 (66–87) | 0.095 |
Azotemia (mg/dL) | 39 (32–48) | 38 (32–46) | 0.564 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.9 (4.1–5.7) | 4.6 (4.0–5.5) | 0.142 |
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 37 (33–42) | 39 (34–48) | 0.021 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 22 (19–26) | 20 (16–24) | 0.001 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.004 |
Gamma-glutamiltransferase (U/L) | 49 (42–60) | 50 (39–62) | 0.800 |
Disease duration (years) | – | 13 (7–22) | – |
Relevant medications (n) | |||
Any T2DM medication | – | 426 (75%) | – |
Metformin | – | 207 (36%) | – |
Sulphonylureas | – | 273 (48%) | – |
Glinides | – | 13 (2%) | – |
Insulin | – | 101 (18%) | – |
Statins | – | 109 (19%) | – |
Vitamin K antagonists | – | 46 (8%) | – |
T2DM complications (n) | |||
Retinopathy | – | 156 (27%) | – |
Nephropathy | – | 74 (13%) | – |
Neuropathy | – | 103 (18%) | – |
History of MACE | – | 84 (15%) | – |
Peripheral artery disease | – | 53 (9%) | – |