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Table 2 Baseline characteristics from index pregnancy according to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

From: Cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus: a nationwide register-based cohort study

 

Total

(N = 700,648)

GDM

(N = 23,274)

No GDM

(N = 677,374)

p-values*

Clinical baseline characteristics

Age, years

28 (25–31)

28 (25–32)

28 (25–31)

 < 0.001

Primiparity

546,257 (78.0)

19,607 (84.2)

526,650 (77.8)

 < 0.001

Pregestational BMI, kg/m2 a

23 (21–26)

27 (23–32)

23 (21–26)

 < 0.001

 Underweight (< 18.5)

16,691 (4.5)

309 (2.0)

16,382 (4.6)

 < 0.001

 Normalweight (18.5–24.9)

240,285 (64.1)

5443 (34.5)

234,842 (65.4)

 < 0.001

 Overweight (25–29.9)

75,599 (20.2)

4750 (30.2)

70,849 (19.7)

 < 0.001

 Obesity (≥ 30)

42,042 (11.2)

5255 (33.4)

36,787 (10.3)

 < 0.001

Smoking during pregnancyb

105,493 (17.4)

3666 (17.3)

101,827 (17.4)

0.719

Preexisting hypertension

8672 (1.2)

552 (2.4)

8120 (1.2)

 < 0.001

Preexisting dyslipidemia

959 (0.1)

78 (0.3)

881 (0.1)

 < 0.001

Preexisting PCOS/hirsutism

4605 (0.7)

417 (1.8)

4188 (0.6)

 < 0.001

Preexisting use of metformin

5608 (0.8)

647 (2.8)

4961 (0.7)

 < 0.001

Charlson comorbidity score of 0

693,815 (99.0)

22,949 (98.6)

670,866 (99.0)

 < 0.001

Demographic characteristics

Ethnicity

    

 Danish

615,422 (87.8)

18,483 (79.4)

596,939 (88.1)

 < 0.001

 Immigrant, Western

21,923 (3.1)

617 (2.7)

21,306 (3.2)

 < 0.001

 Immigrant, Non-Western

52,346 (7.5)

3585 (15.4)

48,761 (7.2)

 < 0.001

 Descendant

10,957 (1.6)

589 (2.5)

10,368 (1.5)

 < 0.001

Single/not living with a partner

86,098 (12.3)

2808 (12.1)

83,290 (12.3)

0.291

Income

    

 Low tertile

220,188 (31.4)

7606 (32.7)

212,582 (31.4)

 < 0.001

 Middle tertile

239,690 (34.2)

7398 (31.8)

232,292 (34.3)

 < 0.001

 High tertile

240,770 (34.4)

8270 (35.5)

232,500 (34.3)

 < 0.001

Highest completed education

    

 Lower secondary

136,628 (19.5)

5565 (23.9)

131,063 (19.4)

 < 0.001

 Upper secondary

294,433 (42.0)

9697 (41.7)

284,736 (42.0)

0.260

 Post secondary

269,587 (38.5)

8012 (34.4)

261,575 (38.6)

 < 0.001

Occupation

    

 Employed

503,167 (71.8)

16,016 (68.8)

487,151 (71.9)

 < 0.001

 Unemployed/welfare payment

91,627 (13.1)

2,645 (11.4)

88,982 (13.1)

 < 0.001

 Under education

70,836 (10.1)

2,977 (12.8)

67,859 (10.0)

 < 0.001

 Early retirement

3342 (0.5)

255 (1.1)

3087 (0.5)

 < 0.001

Obstetric characteristics

    

Preeclampsia

25,129 (3.6)

1612 (6.9)

23,517 (3.5)

 < 0.001

Gestational hypertension

11,820 (1.7)

924 (4.0)

10,896 (1.6)

 < 0.001

Gestational age at delivery, days

280 (273–287)

277 (268–283)

280 (273–287)

 < 0.001

Preterm deliveryc

47,915 (6.8)

2378 (10.2)

45,537 (6.7)

 < 0.001

Stillbirth

2813 (0.4)

200 (0.9)

2613 (0.4)

 < 0.001

Cesarean section

136,854 (19.5)

6601 (28.4)

130,253 (19.2)

 < 0.001

  1. Data presented as median (IQR) or n (%)
  2. BMI body mass index, PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome
  3. *GDM vs. no GDM
  4. aN = 374,617
  5. bN = 606,281
  6. cDelivery before gestational week 37
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840