Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics in the overall cohort and stratified by major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE)
|  | Overall (N = 14,671) | No MACE (N = 13,180) | MACE (N = 1491) | p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 65 (60, 71) | 65 (59, 71) | 68 (62, 73) | < 0.0001 |
Female sex | 4297 (29.3%) | 3926 (29.8%) | 371 (24.9%) | 0.0002 |
Race |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 White | 9957 (67.9%) | 8896 (67.5%) | 1061 (71.2%) |  |
 Black | 447 (3.0%) | 395 (3.0%) | 52 (3.5%) |  |
 Asian | 3265 (22.3%) | 2995 (22.7%) | 270 (18.1%) |  |
 Other | 1002 (6.8%) | 894 (6.8%) | 108 (7.2%) |  |
Hispanic ethnicity | 1798 (12.3%) | 1645 (12.5%) | 153 (10.3%) | 0.2128 |
Region | Â | Â | Â | 0.0837 |
 Latin America | 1471 (10.0%) | 1348 (10.2%) | 123 (8.2%) |  |
 Asia Pacific and Other | 4565 (31.1%) | 4120 (31.3%) | 445 (29.8%) |  |
 Western Europe | 2076 (14.2%) | 1876 (14.2%) | 200 (13.4%) |  |
 Eastern Europe | 3965 (27.0%) | 3548 (26.9%) | 417 (28.0%) |  |
 North America | 2594 (17.7%) | 2288 (17.4%) | 306 (20.5%) |  |
Duration of type 2 diabetes, y | 10 (5, 16) | 10 (5, 16) | 11 (6, 17) | < 0.0001 |
HbA1c, % | 7.2 (6.8, 7.6) | 7.2 (6.8, 7.6) | 7.2 (6.8, 7.7) | 0.0095 |
Body mass index, kg/m2†| 29.5 (26.3, 33.3) | 29.5 (26.3, 33.3) | 29.5 (26.3, 33.3) | 0.0228 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 134 (124, 145) | 133 (124, 145) | 135 (124, 147) | 0.0024 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg†| 79 (70, 84) | 79 (70, 84) | 78 (70, 85) | < 0.0001 |
Heart rate, bpm†| 72 (65, 79) | 72 (64, 79) | 72 (65, 80) | 0.0002 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2†| 73 (60, 88) | 73 (60, 88) | 67 (55, 84) | < 0.0001 |
Chronic kidney disease, eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 3324 (22.9%) | 2825 (21.6%) | 499 (33.9%) | < 0.0001 |
UACR, mg/g | 10.5 (3.5, 33.6) | 10.0 (3.5, 30.9) | 16.9 (5.3, 62.5) | < 0.0001 |
Hemoglobin, g/L†| 137 (127, 147) | 137 (127, 147) | 136 (125, 147) | 0.0007 |
Non-HDL-c, mg/dL | 114 (92, 144) | 113 (91, 143) | 117 (94, 149) | 0.0012 |
HDL-c, mg/dL†| 42 (35, 50) | 42 (35, 50) | 41 (34, 48) | 0.0003 |
LDL-c, mg/dL | 84 (65, 109) | 83 (65, 108) | 86 (66, 113) | < 0.0001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 142 (103, 199) | 142 (103, 199) | 144 (103, 204) | 0.6998 |
Prior myocardial infarction | 6255 (42.6%) | 5500 (41.7%) | 755 (50.6%) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 50% coronary stenosis | 7687 (52.4%) | 6847 (51.9%) | 840 (56.3%) | 0.0314 |
Prior PCI | 5714 (39.5%) | 5143 (39.6%) | 571 (38.8%) | 0.3501 |
Prior CABG | 3664 (25.0%) | 3253 (24.7%) | 411 (27.6%) | 0.0204 |
Prior stroke | 2555 (17.4%) | 2201 (16.7%) | 354 (23.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Prior TIA | 566 (3.9%) | 492 (3.7%) | 74 (5.0%) | 0.0121 |
≥ 50% stenosis in the carotid artery | 860 (5.9%) | 750 (5.7%) | 110 (7.4%) | 0.0084 |
Peripheral arterial disease | 2433 (16.6%) | 2203 (16.7%) | 230 (15.4%) | 0.3483 |
NYHA class |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
No CHF | 12,028 (84.4%) | 10,935 (85.2%) | 1093 (77.1%) | Â |
 I | 535 (3.8%) | 468 (3.6%) | 67 (4.7%) |  |
 II | 1312 (9.2%) | 1126 (8.8%) | 186 (13.1%) |  |
 III | 360 (2.5%) | 295 (2.3%) | 65 (4.6%) |  |
 IV | 13 (0.1%) | 6 (< 0.1%) | 7 (0.5%) |  |
Cigarette smoking status | Â | Â | Â | 0.0047 |
 Current | 1678 (11.4%) | 1481 (11.2%) | 197 (13.2%) |  |
 Former | 5844 (39.8%) | 5228 (39.7%) | 616 (41.3%) |  |
 Never | 7149 (48.7%) | 6471 (49.1%) | 678 (45.5%) |  |
Hypertension | 12,648 (86.2%) | 11,318 (85.9%) | 1330 (89.2%) | 0.0004 |
Dyslipidemia | 11,240 (76.6%) | 10,096 (76.6%) | 1144 (76.7%) | 0.8544 |
COPD | 1117 (7.6%) | 955 (7.2%) | 162 (10.9%) | < 0.0001 |
Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 1167 (8.0%) | 963 (7.3%) | 204 (13.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Cancer within the past 5 years | 327 (2.2%) | 286 (2.2%) | 41 (2.7%) | 0.1239 |
Depression | 1172 (8.0%) | 1029 (7.8%) | 143 (9.6%) | 0.0135 |
Liver disease | 273 (1.9%) | 250 (1.9%) | 23 (1.5%) | 0.4512 |
Any microvascular complication | 4608 (31.4%) | 4040 (30.7%) | 568 (38.1%) | < 0.0001 |
 Blindness | 235 (1.6%) | 205 (1.6%) | 30 (2.0%) | 0.1751 |
 Retinopathy | 1864 (12.7%) | 1616 (12.3%) | 248 (16.6%) | < 0.0001 |
 Amputation | 377 (2.6%) | 315 (2.4%) | 62 (4.2%) | < 0.0001 |
 Diabetic neuropathy | 3354 (22.9%) | 2938 (22.3%) | 416 (27.9%) | < 0.0001 |
 Foot ulcers | 393 (2.7%) | 327 (2.5%) | 66 (4.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Albuminuria |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Normal | 9274 (79.7%) | 8472 (80.7%) | 802 (70.5%) |  |
 Microalbuminuria | 1924 (16.5%) | 1664 (15.9%) | 260 (22.9%) |  |
 Macroalbuminuria | 437 (3.8%) | 362 (3.4%) | 75 (6.6%) |  |
Insulin | 3408 (23.2%) | 2988 (22.7%) | 420 (28.2%) | < 0.0001 |
Sulfonylurea | 6645 (45.3%) | 5962 (45.2%) | 683 (45.8%) | 0.2143 |
Metformin | 11,966 (81.6%) | 10,837 (82.2%) | 1129 (75.7%) | < 0.0001 |
ACE inhibitor or ARB | 11,555 (78.8%) | 10,342 (78.5%) | 1213 (81.4%) | 0.0140 |
Beta blocker | 9322 (63.5%) | 8295 (62.9%) | 1027 (68.9%) | < 0.0001 |
Calcium channel blocker | 4961 (33.8%) | 4427 (33.6%) | 534 (35.8%) | 0.0732 |
Diuretic | 6020 (41.0%) | 5247 (39.8%) | 773 (51.8%) | < 0.0001 |
Aldosterone antagonist | 839 (5.7%) | 696 (5.3%) | 143 (9.6%) | < 0.0001 |
Aspirin | 11,518 (78.5%) | 10,398 (78.9%) | 1120 (75.1%) | < 0.0001 |
Thienopyridine | 3187 (21.7%) | 2845 (21.6%) | 342 (22.9%) | 0.4722 |
VKA | 1000 (6.8%) | 818 (6.2%) | 182 (12.2%) | < 0.0001 |
NSAIDs | 496 (3.4%) | 446 (3.4%) | 50 (3.4%) | 0.9091 |
Statin | 11,719 (79.9%) | 10,591 (80.4%) | 1128 (75.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Ezetimibe | 761 (5.2%) | 677 (5.1%) | 84 (5.6%) | 0.7233 |
Fibrate | 943 (6.4%) | 855 (6.5%) | 88 (5.9%) | 0.3220 |