Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
Training | Validation | Test | |
|---|---|---|---|
N. subjects | 137,175 (87.3%) | 10,000 (6.4%) | 10,000 (6.4%) |
Female sex | 62,103 (45.3%) | 4561 (45.6%) | 4484 (44.8%) |
Age (years) | 71.2 ± 13.5 | 71.2 ± 13.5 | 71.0 ± 13.8 |
Diabetes duration according to claims (months) | 131.9 ± 71.9 | 131.7 ± 72.1 | 131.2 ± 72.2 |
N. hospitalised at baseline | 55,762 (40.7%) | 4052 (40.5%) | 4056 (40.6%) |
Baseline length (days) | 2338.5 ± 86.0 | 2338.3 ± 87.4 | 2337.2 ± 86.8 |
Long-acting insulin | 39,566 (28.8%) | 2877 (28.8%) | 2983 (29.8%) |
Fast-acting insulin | 29,926 (21.8%) | 2195 (21.9%) | 2241 (22.4%) |
DPP4i | 24,656 (18.0%) | 1748 (17.5%) | 1793 (17.9%) |
GLP-1RA | 7372 (5.4%) | 512 (5.1%) | 513 (5.1%) |
SGLT2i | 6053 (4.4%) | 456 (4.6%) | 487 (4.9%) |
Sulfonylureas | 66,412 (48.4%) | 4843 (48.4%) | 4822 (48.2%) |
Ischemic heart disease | 9,672 (7.1%) | 734 (7.3%) | 694 (6.9%) |
Pioglitazone | 12,379 (9.0%) | 879 (8.8%) | 893 (8.9%) |
Cardiovascular disease | 12,108 (8.8%) | 915 (9.2%) | 876 (8.8%) |
Platelet aggregation inhibitors | 67,386 (49.1%) | 4927 (49.3%) | 4853 (48.5%) |
Chronic kidney disease | 4866 (3.5%) | 354 (3.5%) | 340 (3.4%) |
Statins | 82,802 (60.4%) | 5996 (60.0%) | 5926 (59.3%) |
Dyslipidaemia | 87,415 (63.7%) | 6343 (63.4%) | 6271 (62.7%) |
Metformin | 111,113 (81.0%) | 8141 (81.4%) | 8049 (80.5%) |
Beta blockers | 50,873 (37.1%) | 3750 (37.5%) | 3643 (36.4%) |
Other antihypertensives | 16,030 (11.7%) | 1202 (12.0%) | 1176 (11.8%) |
Charlson comorbidity index | 0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 1.0 |
Ocular complications | 611 (0.4%) | 52 (0.5%) | 41 (0.4%) |
ACE inhibitors | 98,958 (72.1%) | 7107 (71.1%) | 7184 (71.8%) |
Hypertension | 114,058 (83.1%) | 8233 (82.3%) | 8301 (83.0%) |
Diuretics | 45,756 (33.4%) | 3337 (33.4%) | 3299 (33.0%) |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 45,942 (33.5%) | 3357 (33.6%) | 3307 (33.1%) |
Fibrates or omega-3 | 14,049 (10.2%) | 991 (9.9%) | 1041 (10.4%) |
Ezetimibe | 3575 (2.6%) | 292 (2.9%) | 237 (2.4%) |
Severe hypoglycaemia | 1947 (1.4%) | 140 (1.4%) | 151 (1.5%) |
Systemic inflammatory disease | 2768 (2.0%) | 193 (1.9%) | 207 (2.1%) |
Renal complications | 851 (0.6%) | 67 (0.7%) | 62 (0.6%) |
Neurological complications | 707 (0.5%) | 59 (0.6%) | 41 (0.4%) |
4P-MACE | 28,880 (21.1%) | 2105 (21.1%) | 2106 (21.1%) |
Death (all causes) | 9258 (6.7%) | 680 (6.8%) | 660 (6.6%) |
Heart failure | 7,374 (5.4%) | 513 (5.1%) | 569 (5.7%) |
Infarction | 8,746 (6.4%) | 667 (6.7%) | 661 (6.6%) |
Stroke | 5511 (4.0%) | 392 (3.9%) | 378 (3.8%) |