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Table 1 Subject baseline characteristics by quartile of cumulative TyG index

From: Association of the cumulative triglyceride-glucose index with major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes

 

All

N = 5695

Low

n = 1424

Moderate

n = 1424

High

n = 1424

Very high

n = 1423

P value

Age, y (mean ± SD)

62.59 ± 6.50

63.37 ± 6.44

63.35 ± 6.55

62.31 ± 6.64

61.35 ± 6.13

< 0.001

Sex, No. (%)

0.021

 Female

2168 (38.07)

578 (40.59)

542 (38.06)

550 (38.62)

498 (35.00)

 

 Male

3527 (61.93)

846 (59.41)

882 (61.94)

874 (61.38)

925 (65.00)

 

Education, No. (%)

 Less than high school

763 (13.40)

231 (16.22)

220 (15.45)

171 (12.01)

141 (9.91)

< 0.001

 High school graduate or GED

1520 (26.69)

377 (26.47)

379 (26.62)

371 (26.05)

393 (27.62)

0.811

 Some college

1872 (32.87)

421 (29.56)

454 (31.88)

493 (34.62)

504 (35.42)

0.003

 College degree or higher

1537 (26.99)

394 (27.67)

370 (25.98)

388 (27.25)

385 (27.06)

0.773

Race, No. (%)

< 0.001

 White

3644 (63.99)

667 (46.84)

893 (62.71)

1003 (79.44)

1081 (75.97)

 

 Non-white

2051 (36.01)

757 (53.16)

531 (37.29)

421 (29.56)

342 (24.03)

 

Living alone, No. (%)

1110 (19.49)

295 (20.72)

274 (19.24)

264 (18.54)

277 (19.47)

0.525

Depression, No. (%)

1258 (22.09)

224 (15.73)

291 (20.44)

364 (25.56)

379 (26.63)

< 0.001

Previous cardiovascular event, No. (%)

1892 (33.22)

431 (30.27)

466 (32.72)

485 (34.06)

510 (35.84)

0.014

Duration of hypertension, y (mean ± SD)

10.20 ± 9.61

10.18 ± 9.70

10.07 ± 9.54

10.25 ± 9.55

10.28 ± 9.68

0.959

Duration of diabetes, y (mean ± SD)

10.65 ± 7.40

11.64 ± 7.76

11.25 ± 7.61

10.48 ± 7.42

9.24 ± 6.54

< 0.001

Duration of hyperlipemia, y (mean ± SD)

5.78 ± 5.57

5.16 ± 5.14

5.50 ± 5.50

5.69 ± 5.41

6.68 ± 6.05

< 0.001

Cigarette-smoking, No. (%)

< 0.001

 Yes

3280 (57.59)

748 (52.53)

791 (55.55)

851 (59.76)

890 (62.54)

 

 No

2415 (42.41)

676 (47.47)

633 (44.45)

573 (40.24)

533 (37.46)

 

Alcohol, No. (%)

0.785

 Yes

1419 (24.92)

349 (24.51)

356 (25.00)

368 (24.84)

346 (24.31)

 

 No

4274 (75.05)

1075 (75.49)

1066 (74.86)

1056 (74.16)

1077 (75.69)

 

BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD)

32.21 ± 5.32

31.26 ± 5.51

32.02 ± 5.32

32.60 ± 5.25

32.97 ± 5.03

< 0.001

Blood pressure, mmHg (mean ± SD)

 Systolic

136.35 ± 16.66

136.40 ± 16.62

136.42 ± 17.04

136.53 ± 16.27

136.04 ± 16.71

0.876

 Diastolic

75.12 ± 10.45

74.25 ± 10.29

74.24 ± 10.31

75.74 ± 10.65

76.24 ± 10.40

< 0.001

Heart rate, bpm (mean ± SD)

72.56 ± 11.68

71.69 ± 11.81

72.16 ± 11.48

72.95 ± 11.85

73.43 ± 11.50

< 0.001

Medications, No. (%)

 Insulin

1942 (34.10)

526 (34.94)

535 (37.57)

467 (32.79)

414 (29.09)

< 0.001

 Metformin

3694 (64.86)

886 (62.22)

897 (62.99)

949 (66.64)

962 (67.60)

0.004

 ACEI/ARB

3946 (69.29)

982 (68.96)

992 (69.66)

970 (68.12)

1002 (70.41)

0.587

 Aspirin

3131 (54.98)

790 (55.48)

821 (57.65)

759 (53.30)

761 (53.48)

0.066

 Statin

3638 (63.88)

919 (64.54)

958 (67.28)

882 (61.94)

879 (61.77)

0.006

 Cholesterol absorption inhibitors

86 (1.51)

11 (0.77)

22 (1.54)

29 (2.04)

24 (1.69)

0.043

 Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers

464 (8.15)

125 (8.78)

123 (8.64)

105 (7.37)

111 (7.80)

0.454

 Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers

649 (11.40)

188 (13.20)

151 (10.60)

160 (11.24)

150 (10.54)

0.089

 Thiazolidinediones

1302 (22.86)

331 (23.24)

342 (24.02)

313 (21.98)

316 (22.21)

0.538

 Thiazide diuretics

1575 (27.66)

423 (29.71)

383 (26.90)

400 (28.09)

369 (25.93)

0.135

Glycated hemoglobin, % (mean ± SD)

8.25 ± 1.01

8.20 ± 0.96

8.22 ± 1.00

8.25 ± 1.04

8.32 ± 1.04

0.006

ALT, mg/dL (mean ± SD)

27.71 ± 15.13

25.29 ± 12.96

26.41 ± 14.12

28.63 ± 15.77

30.51 ± 16.86

< 0.001

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 (mean ± SD)

91.26 ± 27.39

92.03 ± 23.92

89.73 ± 22.99

90.16 ± 24.11

93.11 ± 36.25

0.002

Total plasma cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD)

183.23 ± 41.24

173.61 ± 36.10

177.49 ± 36.75

184.78 ± 38.70

197.06 ± 48.32

< 0.001

Plasma LDL-C, mg/dL (mean ± SD)

104.81 ± 32.94

104.57 ± 30.90

104.64 ± 31.14

106.54 ± 33.55

103.50 ± 35.89

0.100

Plasma HDL, mg/dL (mean ± SD)

41.59 ± 11.31

47.32 ± 12.74

42.75 ± 10.62

40.00 ± 9.79

36.30 ± 8.77

< 0.001

Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL (mean ± SD)

175.38 ± 55.21

157.22 ± 50.45

170.93 ± 52.41

180.61 ± 54.71

192.76 ± 56.90

< 0.001

Plasma triglycerides, mg/dL (mean ± SD)

190.88 ± 154.79

108.60 ± 55.14

151.09 ± 68.68

192.96 ± 85.59

310.97 ± 240.93

< 0.001

Cumulative TyG

36.56 ± 2.45

33.54 ± 1.05

35.71 ± 0.45

37.28 ± 0.48

39.72 ± 1.43

< 0.001

Incident MACEs, No. (%)

673 (11.82)

132 (9.27)

169 (11.87)

171 (12.01)

201 (14.13)

0.001

 CVD death, No. (%)

256 (4.50)

51 (3.58)

70 (4.92)

56 (3.93)

79 (5.55)

0.044

 Non-fatal MI

288 (5.06)

46 (3.23)

73 (5.13)

75 (5.27)

94 (6.61)

0.001

 Non-fatal stroke

197 (3.46)

47 (3.30)

43 (3.02)

59 (4.14)

48 (3.37)

0.398

  1. Data are presented as mean ± SD or as n (%)
  2. The participants were stratified by cumulative TyG index quartile: low (< 34.86, reference group), moderate (34.86–36.47), high (36.47–38.15), and very high (> 38.15)
  3. The bold values indicate that comparison between groups with significant statistical significance (P value < 0.05)
  4. ACEI/ARB angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, ALT alanine transaminase, BMI body mass index, BPM beats per minute, CVD cardiovascular disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, GED general education development, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MACEs major adverse cardiovascular events, MI myocardial infarction, SD standard deviation, TyG triglyceride-glucose
  5. P-value for the test of the difference across quartiles of cumulative TyG index using the chi-square test (categorical variables), analysis of variance (continuous variables), or Kruskal–Wallis test (nonparametric comparisons)
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840