Table 2 Posttreatment changes
| Â | Time-point | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8Â weeks | 16Â weeks | |||||
Variable | EE | E | p-value | EE | E | p value |
 Heart rate, bpm | 6.0 (15) | 10 (17) | 0.075 | 1.0 (14) | 0.0 (7) | 0.002 |
 Office SBP, mmHg | −6 (15) | −6 (17) | 0.781 | −10 (18) | −4 (20) | 0.284 |
 Office DBP, mmHg | −5 (11) | −2 (9) | 0.726 | −4 (11) | −2 (13) | 0.197 |
 Body weight, Kg | −1.8 (2.1) | −1.5 (2.2) | 0.935 | −2.3 (3.1) | −2.2 (3.1) | 0.788 |
 Body Mass Index, Kg/m2 | −0.7 (0.7) | −0. 6 (1.0) | 0.905 | −0. 8 (1.0) | −0.7 (1.3) | 0.391 |
 Waist circumference, cm | −0.7 (0.7) | −0. 6 (1.0) | 0.989 | −1.3 ± 3.1 | −1.6 ± 3.5 | 0.983 |
Biochemical analysis | ||||||
 Hemoglobin, g/dL | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.026 | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.75 (1.4) | 0.233 |
 Fasting Blood Glucose, mg/dL | −38 (43) | −44 (40) | 0.011 | −38 (48) | −41 (44.5) | 0.089 |
 HbA1c, % | −0.8 (0.8) | −1.0 (0.8) | 0.609 | −0.7 (1.0) | −0.9 (0.9) | 0.824 |
 LDL-C, mg/dL | −41 ± 19 | −5 ± 20 |  < 0.001 | −44 ± 18 | −1.1 ± 16 |  < 0.001 |
 HDL-C, mg/dL | 0.0 (7) | 0.9 (10) | 0.806 | −2.0 (9) | 2.14 (9) | 0.515 |
 VLDL-C, mg/dL | −7 (12) | −3 (12) | 0.184 | −8 (12) | −3 (15) | 0.038 |
 Triglycerides, mg/dL | −31 (54) | −19 (67) | 0.315 | −39 ± 52 | −28 ± 69 | 0.132 |
 Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.00 (0.14) | 0.03 (0.13) | 0.105 | −0.03 (0.13) | 0.03 (0.12) | 0.222 |
 C-Reactive Protein, mg/dL | 0.02 (0.11) | 0.00 (0.15) | 0.172 | 0.01 (0.17) | 0.01 (0.20) | 0.957 |
 AST, U/L | 0.00 (5.00) | 0.00 (5.50) | 0.014 | 1.0 (5.25) | 1.00 (5.00) | 0.003 |
 ALT, U/L | 0.50 (6.25) | 1.00 (11.00) | 0.001 | 3.00 (6.00) | 4.00 (9.00) | 0.001 |
 Urea, mg/dL | 4.00 (11.00) | 4.00 (8.00) | 0.010 | 3.00 (12.00) | 3.00 (10.00) | 0.010 |
FMD, mm | ||||||
 1-min | 1.97 (0.54) | 0.33 (0.25) |  < 0.001 | 2.72 (0.93) | 0.41 (0.88) |  < 0.001 |
 2-min | 1.64 (0.45) | 0.34 (0.61) |  < 0.001 | 2.24 (0.96) | 0.32 (0.77) |  < 0.001 |
 3-min | 1.06 (0.93) | 0.10 (0.78) |  < 0.001 | 1.73 (1.37) | 0.31 (1.06) |  < 0.001 |
 4-min | 0.81 (1.15) | 0.39 (1.17) |  < 0.001 | 1.18 (1.41) | 0.56 (1.10) |  < 0.001 |
 5-min | 0.29 (1.26) | 0.19 (0.73) |  < 0.001 | 0.98 (1.37) | 0.44 (0.92) |  < 0.001 |
 AUC | 10.04 (4.60) | 6.18 (4.92) |  < 0.001 | 12.12 (3.98) | 7.28 (4.39) |  < 0.001 |
Blood velocity parameters | ||||||
 PVS, cm/sec | ||||||
  0-min | 4.4 (5.6) | 1.9 (4.1) |  < 0.001 | 15.2 (17.6) | 4.1 (13.4) | 0.002 |
  1-min | 0.7 (9.9) | 0.1 (5.0) | 0.524 | 23.3 (18.4) | 11.2 (12.7) | 0.001 |
  5-min | 5.6 (11.1) | 4.6 (9.4) | 0.484 | 22.1 (19.3) | 11.2 (14.9) | 0.019 |
 EDV, cm/sec |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  0-min | 0.05 (0.03) | -0.45 (0.06) |  < 0.001 | 0.19 (0.13) | 0.87 (0.11) |  < 0.001 |
  1-min | 0.38 (0.34) | 0.05 (0.05) |  < 0.001 | 0.60 (0.56) | 0.16 (0.17) |  < 0.001 |
  5-min | 0.36 (0.35) | 0.12 (0.13) |  < 0.001 | 0.06 (1.59) | 0.00 (1.65) |  < 0.001 |
Plasma biomarkers of endothelial function | ||||||
 Nitrate, nmol/L | ||||||
  0-min | 1.40 (10.90) | 1.30 (10.52) | 0.056 | 5.90 (16.50) | 2.60 (11.80) | 0.001 |
  1-min | 4.13 (16.60) | 2.45 (12.50) | 0.030 | 9.20 (19.30) | 3.90 (12.30) | 0.007 |
  5-min | 3.20 (15.98) | 1.53 (11.41) | 0.006 | 6.40 (17.80) | 1.50 (12.15) | 0.007 |
 Nitrite, nmol/L | ||||||
  0-min | 0.18 (0.53) | 0.06 (0.63) | 0.012 | 0.14 (0.72) | 0.02 (0.74) | 0.025 |
  1-min | 0.14 (0.85) | 0.03 (0.71) | 0.009 | 0.22 (1.12) | 0.02 (0.81) | 0.058 |
  5-min | 0.02 (0.57) | 0.00 (0.61) | 0.082 | 0.12 (0.76) | 0.07 (0.47) | 0.010 |
Plasma biomarkers of vascular inflammation | ||||||
 Isoprostane, pg/mL | na | na | na | −1.68 (5.87) | −1.12 (5.34) |  < 0.001 |
 sVCAM1, ng/mL | na | na | na | −0.20 (0.85) | −0.32 (1.16) | 0.524 |
24Â h BP Monitoring | ||||||
 SBP, mmHg | na | na | na | −8.0 (13) | −4 (16) | 0.363 |
 DBP, mmHg | na | na | na | −3.0 (7.5) | −3.5 (11.25) | 0.419 |