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Table 1 Characteristic of included studies

From: Influence of diabetes on mortality and ICD therapies in ICD recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 162,780 patients

Study

Study design

Region

Source

Time frame

Number of participants (N)

Age (year)

Male (%)

LVEF (%)

QRS (ms)

Follow-up duration (m)

Primary disease

Prevention types

Device implantation

Outcomes

Bilchick 2012

Retrospective study

USA

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

2005–2007

45,884

72.5 (median)

76.0

NA

NA

Development cohort: 52.8 (50.4–55.2); validation cohort: 43.2 (37.2–48)a

HF

Primary

ICD

All-cause mortality

Borleffs 2009

Prospective study

Netherlands

Leiden University Medical Center

1996–2009

456

65.0 ± 10.0

86.0

35.0 ± 14.0

119.0 ± 30.0

54.0 ± 35.0

Ischaemic heart disease

Secondary

ICD

All-cause mortality

Briongos 2019

Prospective study

Spain

UMBRELLA

2006–2015

621

61.1 ± 11.4

87.3

26.6 ± 5.4

109.8 ± 25.3

52.8 ± 25.2

HF

Primary

ICD

All-cause mortality/cardiac mortality

Chao 2014

Retrospective study

Taiwan

Three Taiwan medical centers

1998–2009

238

63.0 ± 15.3

76.5

40.3 ± 13.3

NA

36.8 ± 29.8

NA

Secondary

ICD

All-cause mortality

Coleman 2008

Prospective study

USA

Hartford hospital

1997–2007

1204

Non statin 64.5 ± 13.3; stain 67.5 ± 10.8

Non statin 76.2 stain 80.7

Non statin 22.9 ± 9.1; stain 24.4 ± 8.3

NA

31.1 ± 30.7

HF

Primary or secondary

ICD

All-cause mortality

Cygankiewicz 2009

Prospective study

USA

Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II (MADIT II)

1997–2001

655

64.0 ± 10.0

84.0

28.0 ± 5.0

> 120 (40%)

63.0

MI and LVEF < 30%

Primary

ICD

All-cause mortality

Denollet 2012

Prospective study

Netherlands

Two Dutch referral hospitals

2003–2009

589

62.6 ± 10.1

81.0

≤ 35.0 (83%)

NA

38.4 (9.6–78.0)a

Distressed (type D)

Primary or secondary

ICD

All-cause mortality/cardiac mortality

Desai 2009

Prospective study

USA

NA

NA

209

Non statin 72.0 ± 10.0; stain 72.0 ± 11.0

79.9

Non statin 29.0 ± 7.0; stain 27.0 ± 7.0

NA

Non statin 35.0 ± 20.0; stain 32.0 ± 19.0

HF

NA

ICD/CRT-D

Appropriate shock

Echouffo 2016

Retrospective study

USA

NCDR-ICD Registry (CRT-D) + Centers for Medicare & Medicaid (ICD)

2006–2009

Non-diabetics: 11,345; diabetics: 7083

Non-diabetics: 75.4 ± 6.2; diabetics: 74.0 ± 5.8

Non-diabetics: 66.4; diabetics: 68.9

Non-diabetics: 24.2 ± 6.3; diabetics: 24.4 ± 6.2

≥ 120.0

36.0

HF

Primary

CRT-D

All-cause mortality

Eckart 2006

Retrospective study

USA

Military Health System Data Repository (MDR)

2000–2004

741

64.0 ± 14.0

80.8

NA

NA

24.0 ± 20.4

Renal insufficiency

Primary or secondary

ICD

All-cause mortality

Exner 2001

Retrospective study

Canada

Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Trial

1993–1997

457

Survived electrical storm:67.0 ± 11.0; survived other VT/VF episode: 64.0 ± 10.0; remaining patients: 65.0 ± 11.0

Survived electrical storm: 73.0; survived other VT/VF episode: 81.0; remaining patients: 76.0

Survived electrical storm: 29.0 ± 10.0; survived other VT/VF episode:30.0 ± 13.0; remaining patients: 35.0 ± 14.0

NA

31.0 ± 13.0

HF

Secondary

ICD

All-cause mortality

Fumagalli 2014

Prospective study

Italy

117 Italian cardiology centers

2004–2011

6311

NA

82.0

29.0 ± 9.0

NA

27.0 (14.0–44.0)a

HF

NA

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality

Hager 2010

Retrospective study

USA

Two centers in USA

2000–2006

958

67.0

NA

< 40.0

NA

36.0

HF with CKD

Primary

ICD

All-cause mortality

Hess 2014

Retrospective study

USA

National Cardiovascular Data Registry’s (NCDR) ICD Registry

2006–2007

47,282

67.0 (57.0–75.0)a

74.8

24.9 ± 6.1

< 120 (69.2%); 120–140 (13.5%); > 140 (17.3%)

34.8 (28.8–39.6)a

MI + HF (LVEF < 30%) + congestive HF (LVEF < 35%)

Primary

ICD

All-cause mortality

Ho 2005

Retrospective study

USA

Loma Linda University Medical Center (LLUMC)

NA

360

62.0 ± 13.0

80.0

33.0 ± 17.0

NA

52.8 ± 44.4

Compromised left ventricular function

NA

ICD

All-cause mortality

Jahangir 2017

Retrospective study

USA

Their tertiary care center

2010–2011

904

66.7 ± 13.0

69.0

24.7 ± 7.0

NA

31.2 ± 1.2b

HF

Primary or secondary

ICD

All-cause mortality

Junttila 2020

Retrospective study

European

European Comparative Effectiveness Research to Assess the Use of Primary Prophylactic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (EU-CERT-ICD) project

2002–2014

Non-diabetics: 2540; Diabetics: 995

Non-diabetics: 62.9 ± 11.7; diabetics: 65.7 ± 9.4

Non-diabetics: 81.5; diabetics: 83.9

Non-diabetics: 25.3 ± 6.1; diabetics: 25.7 ± 6.0

NA

38.4 ± 27.6

HF

Primary

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality/appropriate shock

Lee 2007

Retrospective study

Canada

Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI)

1997–2003

2467

62.5 ± 13.4

78.8

NA

NA

4551 (person-years)

NA

NA

ICD

All-cause mortality

Lee 2015

Prospective study

Canada

Ontario ICD Database

2007–2011

3445

66.0 (58.0–73.0)a

79.7

< 35.0

126.0 (104.0–158.0)a

2.0 (1.5–2.0)a

HF

Primary

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality

Morani 2013

Prospective study

Italy

Contak Italian Registry

2004–2007

266

67.0 ± 9.0

85.0

27.0 ± 5.0

165.0 ± 32.0

55.0 (41.0–64.0)a

HF

Primary or secondary

CRT-D

All-cause mortality

Morani 2018

Retrospective study

Italy

Eleven cardiology Italian centers

NA

821

67.0 ± 11.0

80.4

32.3 ± 11.2

NA

44.3 ± 26.5

NA

Primary or secondary

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality

Perkiomaki 2015

Prospective study

USA

The Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation TrialCardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT)

NA

1798

Cardiac death: 65.9 ± 10.9; non-cardiac death: 69.1 ± 9.7; alive: 64.1 ± 10.7

Cardiac death: 89.0; non-cardiac death: 82.0; alive: 74.0

Cardiac death: 22.0 ± 5.4; non-cardiac death: 23.9 ± 4.7; alive: 23.9 ± 5.2

Cardiac death: 156.2 ± 21.7; non-cardiac death: 157.9 ± 18.1; alive: 158.3 ± 19.7

48.0

Ischaemic cardiomyopathy (NYHA I-II) or nonischaemic cardiomyopathy (NYHA II) with LVEF < 30, QRS > 130

Primary or secondary

CRT-D + ICD

Cardiac mortality

Rogstad 2018

Retrospective study

USA

Medicare Advantage

2014–2015

8450

70.9 ± 8.92

72.0

NA

NA

12.0

NA

NA

ICD

All-cause mortality

Rorth 2019

Retrospective study

Danish

Danish Study to Assess the Efficacy of ICDs in Patients with Nonischaemic Systolic Heart Failure on Mortality (DANISH) trial

2008–2014

Non-diabetics: 905; diabetics: 211

Non-diabetics: 62.0 ± 10.0; diabetics: 63.0 ± 9.0

Non-diabetics:72.0; diabetics:75.0

Non-diabetics:24.2 ± 6.2; diabetics:23.4 ± 6.3

NA

68.0 (49.0–85.0)

Non-ischaemic systolic HF

Primary

ICD

All-cause mortality/cardiac mortality/appropriate therapy/inappropriate therapy

Ruwald 2013

Retrospective study

USA

Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial—Reduce Inappropriate Therapy (MADIT-RIT)

2009–2011

Non-diabetics: 998; diabetics: 485

Non-diabetics: 63.0 ± 12.0; diabetics: 64.0 ± 11.0

Non-diabetics: 71.0; diabetics: 71.0

≤ 25.0: non-diabetics (50%); diabetics (46%)

NA

17.4

NA

Primary

ICD + CRT-D

Appropriate therapy/inappropriate therapy/appropriate shock/inappropriate shock/appropriate ATP/inappropriate ATP

Ruwald 2016

Retrospective study

Danish

Danish nationwide clinical registers

2007–2012

Primary: 1873; secondary: 2461

Primary: 62.2 ± 12.2; secondary: 62.3 ± 13.2

Primary: 81.0; secondary: 79.0

Primary: 29.4 ± 12.4; secondary: 40.4 ± 14.5

Primary: 103.4 ± 23.7; secondary: 102.2 ± 28.8

30.2 ± 19.8

NA

Primary or secondary

ICD

All-cause mortality/appropriate therapy

Santangelo 2020

Retrospective study

Italy

San Paolo Hospital

NA

193

66.3 ± 10.9

81.3

28.2 ± 5.2

NA

48.0 (22.8–76.6)a

Chronic HF and reduced LVEF

Primary

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality

Seegers 2016

Retrospective study

Germany

University Medical Center Gottingen

1998–2010

1151

Male: 65.0 ± 12.0; female: 62.0 ± 15.0

81.2

Male:29.0 ± 11.0; female: 34.0 ± 13.0

Male: 123.0 ± 32.0; female: 112.0 ± 30.0

58.8 ± 32.4

HF

Primary or secondary

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality/appropriate shock

Sjöblom 2016

Retrospective study

Sweden

Swedish Pacemaker Registry

2006–2011

789

65.0 ± 11.0

83.0

25.0 ± 10.0

134.0 ± 54.0

39.0 ± 18.0

Congestive HF

Primary

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality

Stein 2009

Prospective study

USA

Synergistic Effects of Risk Factors for Sudden Cardiac Death (SERF) Study

2001–2004

1655

66.8 ± 11.7

82.0

31.7 ± 12.4

NA

12.5 (median)

NA

Primary or secondary

ICD

All-cause mortality

Steiner 2016

Prospectively study

Israeli

Israeli ICD Database

2010–2011

Non-diabetics: 1346; diabetics: 764

Non-diabetics: 62.2 ± 14.0; diabetics: 66.3 ± 9.4

Non-diabetics: 82.0; diabetics: 85.0

Non-diabetics: 30.5 ± 11.6; diabetics: 28.0 ± 8.3

Non-diabetics: 115.8 ± 29.8; diabetics: 124.6 ± 30.9

21.0 ± 10.2

HF

Primary or secondary

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality/appropriate therapy/inappropriate therapy/appropriate shock/inappropriate shock/appropriate ATP/inappropriate ATP

Vandenberk 2016

Retrospective study

Belgium

University Hospitals of Leuven

1996–2014

727

62.5 ± 11.7

84.9

32.4 ± 12.4

131.0 ± 34.0

62.4 ± 49.2

Ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy

Primary or secondary

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality

Wasiak 2020

Retrospective study

Poland

Contemporary Modalities in Treatment of Heart Failure (COMMIT-HF)

2009–2013

Ischemic: 705; nonischemic: 368

Ischemic: 64.0 ± 10.2; nonischemic: 52.8 ± 12.9

Ischemic: 85.6; nonischemic: 74.0

Ischemic: 26.0 ± 5.7; nonischemic: 24.0 ± 5.6

NA

60.5

Systolic HF

Primary

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality

Wilson 2017

Retrospective study

UK

Multicenter in Southampton and Bristol Heart Institute

2006–2014

424

> 60.0

86.3

60.0–69.9 years: 31.7 ± 15.2; 70.0–79.9 years: 26.2 ± 10.3; > 80.0 years: 31.9 ± 11.4

NA

32.6

HF

Primary

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality

Winkler 2019

Retrospective study

Poland

Military Institute of Medicine in Warsaw

2011–2017

457

66.0 ± 11.0

80.6

29.0 (25.0–33.0)a

NA

31.0 (17.0–52.0)

HF

Primary or secondary

ICD/CRT-D

All-cause mortality/appropriate therapy

Zhang 2014

Prospective study

USA

Prospective Observational Study of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (PROSE-ICD)

NA

1189

60.6 ± 12.7

72.9

22.3 ± 7.4

118.7 ± 30.7

12.0

HF

Primary

ICD

All-cause mortality

  1. ICD implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, CRT-D cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators, HF heart failure, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, CKD chronic kidney disease, MI myocardial infarction, NYHA New York Heart Association, ATP antitachycardia pacing, NA not available
  2. aMedians with interquartile range
  3. bMean ± SEM