Categories | Overall (N = 3026) | Q1 (N = 756) | Q2 (N = 755) | Q3 (N = 758) | Q4 (N = 757) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | ||||||
 Age, years, mean (SD) | 65.44 (16.07) | 68.32 (16.44) | 66.83 (15.90) | 65.62 (15.58) | 60.99 (15.45) | < 0.001 |
 Male, n (%) | 1786 (59.0) | 451 (59.7) | 437 (57.9) | 455 (60.0) | 443 (58.5) | 0.819 |
 Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.003 | |||||
  Asian | 617 (20.4) | 135 (17.9) | 139 (18.4) | 170 (22.4) | 173 (22.9) |  |
  Black | 58 (1.9) | 21 (2.8) | 10 (1.3) | 19 (2.5) | 8 (1.1) |  |
  White | 202 (6.7) | 62 (8.2) | 44 (5.8) | 36 (4.7) | 60 (7.9) |  |
  Hispanic/Latino | 83 (2.7) | 15 (2.0) | 25 (3.3) | 21 (2.8) | 22 (2.9) |  |
  Other | 2066 (68.3) | 523 (69.2) | 537 (71.1) | 512 (67.5) | 494 (65.3) |  |
 Weight, kg, mean (SD) | 82.25 (22.71) | 77.00 (19.72) | 80.49 (22.39) | 82.28 (21.75) | 88.98 (24.93) | < 0.001 |
 Height, cm, mean (SD) | 169.92 (14.47) | 171.03 (20.16) | 169.30 (13.36) | 169.27 (12.04) | 170.14 (11.20) | 0.319 |
 BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 31.35 (76.35) | 36.20 (156.02) | 29.21 (12.59) | 29.18 (13.20) | 31.10 (12.03) | 0.581 |
ICU admission | ||||||
 SOFA score, mean (SD) | 3.32 (2.91) | 2.86 (2.45) | 3.00 (2.59) | 3.42 (2.88) | 4.01 (3.48) | < 0.001 |
 LODS score, mean (SD) | 3.49 (2.56) | 3.08 (2.25) | 3.20 (2.26) | 3.64 (2.61) | 4.05 (2.94) | < 0.001 |
 OASIS score, mean (SD) | 30.94 (8.96) | 29.81 (8.58) | 30.45 (8.38) | 31.29 (9.04) | 32.22 (9.61) | < 0.001 |
 SIRS score, mean (SD) | 2.51 (1.06) | 2.32 (1.04) | 2.40 (1.06) | 2.57 (1.03) | 2.73 (1.05) | < 0.001 |
 APSIII, mean (SD) | 39.29 (18.74) | 36.61 (16.12) | 37.10 (17.36) | 39.37 (19.18) | 44.05 (21.01) | < 0.001 |
 SAPSII, mean (SD) | 32.83 (13.23) | 31.50 (12.09) | 32.08 (12.33) | 33.39 (13.59) | 34.37 (14.58) | < 0.001 |
 First Care Unit, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
  CCU | 1259 (41.6) | 332 (43.9) | 304 (40.3) | 333 (43.9) | 290 (38.3) |  |
  CSRU | 152 (5.0) | 27 (3.6) | 36 (4.8) | 45 (5.9) | 44 (5.8) |  |
  MICU | 708 (23.4) | 152 (20.1) | 162 (21.5) | 159 (21.0) | 235 (31.0) |  |
  SICU | 643 (21.2) | 180 (23.8) | 176 (23.3) | 154 (20.3) | 133 (17.6) |  |
  TSICU | 264 (8.7) | 65 (8.6) | 77 (10.2) | 67 (8.8) | 55 (7.3) |  |
Vital signs | ||||||
 HR, bmp, mean (SD) | 81.13 (16.20) | 78.03 (15.21) | 79.34 (15.65) | 82.02 (15.79) | 85.15 (17.18) | < 0.001 |
 SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 123.12 (18.63) | 122.37 (18.77) | 123.36 (18.51) | 123.58 (19.21) | 123.17 (18.03) | 0.612 |
 DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 63.82 (11.43) | 63.21 (10.93) | 63.78 (11.51) | 64.17 (11.50) | 64.14 (11.76) | 0.321 |
 SpO2, %, mean (SD) | 97.27 (2.02) | 97.35 (1.65) | 97.28 (1.83) | 97.28 (2.26) | 97.18 (2.26) | 0.435 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
 CHD, n (%) | 1618 (53.5) | 403 (53.3) | 384 (50.9) | 434 (57.3) | 397 (52.4) | 0.080 |
 HF, n (%) | 879 (29.0) | 216 (28.6) | 209 (27.7) | 218 (28.8) | 236 (31.2) | 0.483 |
 Hypertension, n (%) | 1611 (53.2) | 386 (51.1) | 424 (56.2) | 408 (53.8) | 393 (51.9) | 0.198 |
 AF, n (%) | 724 (23.9) | 207 (27.4) | 186 (24.6) | 182 (24.0) | 149 (19.7) | 0.005 |
 Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 689 (22.8) | 153 (20.2) | 176 (23.3) | 175 (23.1) | 185 (24.4) | 0.248 |
 DM, n (%) | 828 (27.4) | 68 (9.0) | 135 (17.9) | 235 (31.0) | 390 (51.5) | < 0.001 |
 COPD, n (%) | 45 (1.5) | 8 (1.1) | 5 (0.7) | 16 (2.1) | 16 (2.1) | 0.037 |
 RF, n (%) | 481 (15.9) | 73 (9.7) | 96 (12.7) | 135 (17.8) | 177 (23.4) | < 0.001 |
 LD, n (%) | 143 (4.7) | 21 (2.8) | 36 (4.8) | 39 (5.1) | 47 (6.2) | 0.016 |
 AKIa, n (%) | 1547 (51.1) | 345 (45.6) | 345 (45.7) | 412 (54.4) | 445 (58.8) | < 0.001 |
 CKD, n (%) | 310 (10.2) | 71 (9.4) | 58 (7.7) | 75 (9.9) | 106 (14.0) | 0.001 |
 Sepsis, n (%) | 162 (5.4) | 24 (3.2) | 32 (4.2) | 40 (5.3) | 66 (8.7) | < 0.001 |
 Cancer, n (%) | 360 (11.9) | 98 (13.0) | 103 (13.6) | 88 (11.6) | 71 (9.4) | 0.054 |
Laboratory tests | ||||||
 WBC, K/µL, mean (SD) | 11.75 (5.88) | 10.65 (4.75) | 11.50 (6.86) | 12.01 (5.29) | 12.85 (6.18) | < 0.001 |
 RBC, m/µL, mean (SD) | 4.19 (0.73) | 4.17 (0.68) | 4.21 (0.71) | 4.17 (0.75) | 4.20 (0.78) | 0.568 |
 Platelet, K/µL, mean (SD) | 252.91 (110.48) | 245.85 (110.86) | 254.08 (109.33) | 255.96 (109.13) | 255.75 (112.49) | 0.236 |
 Hemoglobin, g/dL, mean (SD) | 12.69 (2.15) | 12.69 (2.00) | 12.77 (2.15) | 12.64 (2.22) | 12.67 (2.24) | 0.645 |
 Serum potassium, mEq/L, mean (SD) | 4.20 (0.81) | 4.19 (0.82) | 4.18 (0.78) | 4.16 (0.72) | 4.29 (0.89) | 0.007 |
 Serum sodium, mEq/L, mean (SD) | 138.43 (4.58) | 138.30 (4.74) | 138.69 (4.29) | 138.57 (4.13) | 138.15 (5.10) | 0.084 |
 TC, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 163.17 (54.46) | 151.66 (42.60) | 160.83 (46.99) | 165.97 (47.13) | 175.50 (74.60) | < 0.001 |
 TG, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 143.99 (168.28) | 66.55 (21.27) | 104.21 (74.80) | 138.64 (48.33) | 266.35 (286.95) | < 0.001 |
 LDL, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 91.57 (40.10) | 86.06 (35.61) | 94.04 (40.53) | 95.14 (40.98) | 91.17 (42.83) | < 0.001 |
 HDL, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 45.78 (16.71) | 52.62 (18.01) | 46.43 (14.84) | 43.82 (14.89) | 39.42 (16.10) | < 0.001 |
 HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | 6.43 (1.59) | 5.86 (0.82) | 5.97 (0.79) | 6.31 (1.27) | 7.63 (2.32) | < 0.001 |
 Glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 162.37 (105.57) | 128.03 (45.85) | 138.73 (47.71) | 159.99 (77.66) | 222.79 (169.83) | < 0.001 |
 Albumin, g/dL, mean (SD) | 3.43 (0.64) | 3.49 (0.59) | 3.47 (0.65) | 3.40 (0.63) | 3.38 (0.67) | 0.013 |
 Ucr, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 97.90 (71.45) | 93.62 (67.53) | 100.90 (66.69) | 100.79 (76.90) | 96.48 (72.77) | 0.745 |
 Scr, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 1.30 (1.24) | 1.19 (1.06) | 1.19 (1.09) | 1.29 (1.31) | 1.51 (1.45) | < 0.001 |
 BUN, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 24.31 (17.61) | 21.94 (12.78) | 22.66 (17.55) | 24.74 (16.94) | 27.91 (21.49) | < 0.001 |
 Uric acid, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 5.66 (2.86) | 5.74 (2.89) | 4.93 (1.90) | 5.58 (3.05) | 6.01 (3.10) | 0.377 |
 TyG index, mean (SD) | 9.16 (0.74) | 8.30 (0.33) | 8.87 (0.12) | 9.32 (0.15) | 10.13 (0.49) | < 0.001 |
Events | ||||||
 LOS ICU, days, mean (SD) | 4.28 (6.08) | 3.68 (6.38) | 3.78 (5.35) | 4.16 (4.95) | 5.49 (7.21) | < 0.001 |
 LOS Hospital, days, mean (SD) | 8.71 (10.12) | 7.68 (8.71) | 7.83 (8.58) | 8.82 (9.71) | 10.50 (12.68) | < 0.001 |
 ICU death, n (%) | 258 (8.5) | 42 (5.6) | 59 (7.8) | 77 (10.2) | 80 (10.6) | 0.001 |
 Hospital death, n (%) | 350 (11.6) | 57 (7.5) | 85 (11.3) | 102 (13.5) | 106 (14.0) | < 0.001 |
 Follow-up death, n (%) | 1148 (37.9) | 265 (35.1) | 270 (35.8) | 306 (40.4) | 307 (40.6) | 0.040 |