Table 1 Baseline characteristics of each study set
Variablesa | Nested case–control study | Prospective cohort study | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Discovery set | Internal validation set | External validation set | |||||||
MACEs (n = 54) | Controls (n = 54) | Pa | MACEs (n = 54) | Controls (n = 54) | Pa | With MACEs (n = 47) | Without MACEs (n = 254) | Pa | |
Clinical data | |||||||||
Age, years | 63.4 ± 9.5 | 63.1 ± 9.5 | 0.86 | 63.9 ± 9.0 | 64.5 ± 10.6 | 0.78 | 62.3 ± 9.5 | 62.8 ± 9.4 | 0.71 |
Male | 33 (61.1) | 35 (64.8) | 0.69 | 32 (59.3) | 34 (63.0) | 0.69 | 30 (63.8) | 146 (57.5) | 0.42 |
Current smokers | 11 (20.4) | 11 (20.4) | 1.00 | 10 (18.5) | 12 (22.2) | 0.63 | 17 (36.2) | 53 (20.9) | 0.023 |
BMI, kg/m2, | 25.6 ± 4.0 | 25.3 ± 4.3 | 0.73 | 25.1 ± 4.5 | 25.4 ± 3.6 | 0.75 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 25.0 ± 4.1 | 0.75 |
FPG, mmol/L | 8.8 ± 2.1 | 8.4 ± 1.9 | 0.24 | 8.4 ± 2.1 | 8.8 ± 2.1 | 0.37 | 8.2 ± 2.3 | 8.4 ± 2.1 | 0.72 |
HbA1c, (%) | 7.6 ± 1.8 | 7.3 ± 1.5 | 0.33 | 7.2 ± 1.7 | 7.8 ± 2.3 | 0.15 | 8.1 ± 1.9 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 0.020 |
Diabetes duration, years | 9.2 ± 5.1 | 10.0 ± 4.8 | 0.39 | 9.9 ± 5.4 | 9.0 ± 4.9 | 0.36 | 9.5 ± 5.6 | 10.0 ± 5.4 | 0.58 |
Diabetes management | |||||||||
Lifestyle modification | 12 (22.2) | 18 (33.3) | 0.55 | 15 (27.8) | 17 (31.5) | 0.95 | 14 (29.8) | 87 (34.3) | 0.34 |
Oral agents only | 13 (24.1) | 11 (20.4) | 18 (33.3) | 16 (29.6) | 12 (25.5) | 80 (31.5) | |||
Insulin only | 16 (29.6) | 16 (29.6) | 11 (20.4) | 10 (18.5) | 10 (21.3) | 53 (20.9) | |||
Oral agents and insulin | 13 (24.1) | 9 (16.7) | 10 (18.5) | 11 (20.4) | 11 (23.4) | 34 (13.4) | |||
PAD | 8 (14.8) | 9 (16.7) | 0.79 | 7 (13.0) | 8 (14.8) | 0.78 | 6 (12.8) | 25 (9.8) | 0.55 |
Dyslipidemia | 15 (27.8) | 13 (24.1) | 0.66 | 12 (22.2) | 12 (22.2) | 1.00 | 10 (21.3) | 62 (24.4) | 0.64 |
Hypertension | 20 (37.0) | 22 (40.7) | 0.69 | 19 (35.2) | 20 (37.0) | 0.84 | 23 (48.9) | 111 (43.7) | 0.51 |
LVEF < 50% | 11 (20.4) | 8 (14.8) | 0.45 | 9 (16.7) | 10 (18.5) | 0.80 | 11 (23.4) | 27 (10.6) | 0.015 |
Clinical Presentation | |||||||||
ACS | 35 (64.8) | 37 (68.5) | 0.68 | 34 (63.0) | 36 (66.7) | 0.69 | 30 (63.8) | 137 (53.9) | 0.21 |
SCAD | 19 (35.2) | 17 (31.5) | 20 (37.0) | 18 (33.3) | 17 (36.2) | 117 (46.1) | |||
Angiographic data | |||||||||
Chronic total occlusion | 7 (13.0) | 7 (13.0) | 1.00 | 7 (13.0) | 9 (16.7) | 0.59 | 9 (19.1) | 40 (15.7) | 0.56 |
Multivessel CAD | 35 (64.8) | 36 (66.7) | 0.84 | 32 (59.3) | 35 (64.8) | 0.55 | 37 (78.7) | 158 (62.2) | 0.029 |
Calcification | 8 (14.8) | 10 (18.5) | 0.61 | 7 (13.0) | 8 (14.8) | 0.78 | 9 (19.1) | 36 (14.2) | 0.38 |
ACC/AHA lesion B/C | 36 (66.7) | 36 (66.7) | 1.00 | 37 (68.5) | 35 (64.8) | 0.68 | 30 (63.8) | 165 (65.0) | 0.88 |
SYNTAX score | 22.9 ± 8.5 | 22.7 ± 9.3 | 0.91 | 24.6 ± 7.7 | 24.2 ± 9.0 | 0.81 | 21.7 ± 7.3 | 22.4 ± 8.5 | 0.63 |
Procedure data | |||||||||
Stent diameter, mm | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 0.33 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 0.74 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 0.99 |
Stent length, mm | 32.9 ± 17.4 | 34.3 ± 17.4 | 0.64 | 34.5 ± 14.7 | 31.7 ± 10.8 | 0.27 | 31.1 ± 14.5 | 35.0 ± 20.5 | 0.22 |
Complete revascularization | 21 (38.9) | 21 (38.9) | 1.00 | 17 (31.5) | 18 (33.3) | 0.84 | 13 (27.7) | 81 (31.9) | 0.57 |
Stent type | |||||||||
First generation DES | 36 (66.7) | 39 (72.2) | 0.53 | 36 (66.7) | 34 (63.0) | 0.69 | 31 (66.0) | 169 (66.5) | 0.94 |
Second generation DES | 18 (33.3) | 15 (27.8) | 18 (33.3) | 20 (37.0) | 16 (34.0) | 85 (33.5) | |||