Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Â | Total | T2D PRS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Intermediate | High | Very high | P value | ||
0–19th percentile | 20–79th percentile | 80–98th percentile | 99th percentile | |||
(n = 345,217) | (n = 69,070) | (n = 207,192) | (n = 65,505) | (n = 3450) | ||
Demographics & physical measurement | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years) | 56.1 ± 8.0 | 56.2 ± 7.9 | 56.0 ± 8.0 | 56.0 ± 8.0 | 55.8 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 |
Male | 153,959 (44.6) | 30,870 (44.7) | 92,409 (44.6) | 29,127 (44.5) | 1553 (45.0) | 0.809 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 140.2 ± 19.6 | 139.4 ± 19.7 | 140.2 ± 19.6 | 141.0 ± 19.6 | 142.1 ± 19.3 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.5 ± 10.6 | 82.0 ± 10.6 | 82.5 ± 10.6 | 83.0 ± 10.6 | 83.7 ± 10.5 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 4.7 | 26.9 ± 4.5 | 27.3 ± 4.7 | 27.7 ± 4.8 | 28.3 ± 5.1 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 89.8 ± 13.3 | 88.7 ± 13.1 | 89.8 ± 13.3 | 90.8 ± 13.4 | 92.5 ± 13.6 | < 0.001 |
Townsend deprivation index | − 1.62 ± 2.90 | − 1.65 ± 2.89 | − 1.62 ± 2.89 | − 1.61 ± 2.91 | − 1.53 ± 2.87 | 0.003 |
Income level |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Less than 18,000£ | 61,532 (20.6) | 11,952 (20.0) | 37,084 (20.7) | 11,858 (21.0) | 638 (21.6) |  |
 18,000 to 30,999£ | 76,307 (25.6) | 15,166 (25.4) | 45,831 (25.6) | 14,556 (25.8) | 754 (25.5) |  |
 31,000 to 51,999£ | 80,527 (27.0) | 16,135 (27.0) | 48,344 (27.0) | 15,237 (27.0) | 811 (27.4) |  |
 52,000 to 100,000£ | 63,331 (21.2) | 13,046 (21.9) | 37,916 (21.2) | 11,740 (20.8) | 629 (21.2) |  |
 Greater than 100,000£ | 16,347 (5.5) | 3404 (5.7) | 9748 (5.4) | 3067 (5.4) | 128 (4.3) |  |
Lifestyle and metabolic health | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Lifestyle habits |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Favorable | 182,991 (55.0) | 38,009 (57.1) | 109,760 (55.0) | 33,562 (53.2) | 1660 (50.2) |  |
 Intermediate | 111,276 (33.4) | 21,769 (32.7) | 66,812 (33.5) | 21,512 (34.1) | 1183 (35.8) |  |
 Unfavorable | 38,450 (11.6) | 6805 (10.2) | 23,110 (11.6) | 8069 (12.8) | 466 (14.1) |  |
Number of metabolic syndrome components |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 0 component | 42,022 (14.0) | 9652 (16.0) | 25,187 (14.0) | 6889 (12.1) | 294 (9.8) |  |
 1 component | 93,323 (31.1) | 20,157 (33.5) | 56,053 (31.1) | 16,326 (28.7) | 787 (26.3) |  |
 2 components | 81,314 (27.1) | 15,980 (26.6) | 48,955 (27.2) | 15,619 (27.4) | 760 (25.4) |  |
 3 or more components | 83,448 (27.8) | 14,390 (23.9) | 49,761 (27.7) | 18,142 (31.8) | 1155 (38.6) |  |
Laboratory findings | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 91.7 ± 20.6 | 90.4 ± 17.1 | 91.6 ± 20.3 | 93.3 ± 23.9 | 96.0 ± 30.3 |  |
estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 79.0 ± 14.0 | 78.9 ± 13.8 | 79.0 ± 14.0 | 79.2 ± 14.2 | 79.4 ± 14.5 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 223.7 ± 42.9 | 223.9 ± 42.0 | 223.7 ± 42.9 | 223.5 ± 43.8 | 223.3 ± 45.6 | 0.168 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 154.5 ± 90.0 | 147.4 ± 85.4 | 154.3 ± 89.6 | 161.8 ± 94.4 | 171.0 ± 100.4 | < 0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56.6 ± 14.7 | 57.6 ± 14.8 | 56.7 ± 14.7 | 55.6 ± 14.5 | 54.3 ± 14.6 | < 0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 140.1 ± 32.8 | 139.9 ± 32.2 | 140.1 ± 32.8 | 140.3 ± 33.4 | 140.5 ± 34.3 | 0.014 |
Baseline major comorbidity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Type 2 diabetes | 11,372 (3.5) | 1274 (1.9) | 6646 (3.4) | 3210 (5.2) | 242 (7.5) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 48,196 (14.0) | 8461 (12.2) | 28,774 (13.9) | 10,343 (15.8) | 618 (17.9) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 90,707 (26.3) | 16,180 (23.4) | 54,454 (26.3) | 18,926 (28.9) | 1147 (33.2) | < 0.001 |
Chronic lung disease | 49,037 (14.2) | 9266 (13.4) | 29,629 (14.3) | 9618 (14.7) | 524 (15.2) | < 0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 4114 (1.2) | 732 (1.1) | 2484 (1.2) | 834 (1.3) | 64 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
Chronic liver disease | 3446 (1.0) | 635 (0.9) | 2032 (1.0) | 730 (1.1) | 49 (1.4) | < 0.001 |
Cancer | 40,497 (11.7) | 8171 (11.8) | 24,219 (11.7) | 7711 (11.8) | 396 (11.5) | 0.877 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 0.48 ± 0.86 | 0.46 ± 0.85 | 0.48 ± 0.86 | 0.51 ± 0.88 | 0.54 ± 0.90 | < 0.001 |