Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the patients with type 2 diabetes treated with SGLT2i, GLP-1RA, and DPP4i before and after propensity score matching (PSM)
Baseline characteristics | Before PSM | After PSM | After PSM | After PSM | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SGLT2i (n = 344,893) | GLP-1RA (n = 44,370) | DPP4i (n = 393,100) | Max ASMD | SGLT2i (n = 245,442) | DPP4i (n = 245,442) | ASMD | SGLT2i (n = 43,682) | GLP-1RA (n = 43,682) | ASMD | GLP-1RA (n = 39,190) | DPP4i (n = 39,190) | ASMD | |
Age (mean ± SD) | 58.6 ± 12.1 | 55.3 ± 13.2 | 63.0 ± 13.2 |  | 59.0 (12.8) | 60.3 (11.7) |  | 56.8 (11.9) | 55.2 (13.2) |  | 55.4 (13.5) | 58.6 (11.3) |  |
 < 65 y/o | 233,520 (67.71) | 32,834 (74.00) | 214,564 (54.58) | 0.447 | 157,801 (64.29) | 159,193 (64.86) | 0.035 | 33,160 (75.91) | 32,434 (74.25) | 0.088 | 28,492 (72.70) | 29,092 (74.23) | 0.094 |
65–74 y/o | 79,935 (23.18) | 8175 (18.42) | 99,054 (25.20) |  | 59,845 (24.38) | 59,794 (24.36) |  | 7626 (17.46) | 7984 (18.28) |  | 7425 (18.95) | 7197 (18.36) |  |
75–84 y/o | 27,000 (7.83) | 2901 (6.54) | 58,700 (14.93) |  | 23,522 (9.58) | 22,579 (9.20) |  | 2507 (5.74) | 2817 (6.45) |  | 2814 (7.18) | 2509 (6.40) |  |
 ≥ 85 y/o | 4438 (1.29) | 460 (1.04) | 20,782 (5.29) |  | 4274 (1.74) | 3876 (1.58) |  | 389 (0.89) | 447 (1.02) |  | 459 (1.17) | 392 (1.00) |  |
Male | 201,889 (58.54) | 22,834 (51.46) | 214,352 (54.53) | 0.143 | 138,611 (56.47) | 138,350 (56.37) | 0.002 | 22,333 (51.13) | 22,517 (51.55) | 0.008 | 20,440 (52.16) | 20,355 (51.94) | 0.004 |
Chronic lung disease | 8215 (2.38) | 1462 (3.30) | 14,065 (3.58) | 0.070 | 5749 (2.34) | 5604 (2.28) | 0.004 | 1243 (2.85) | 1417 (3.24) | 0.023 | 1256 (3.20) | 1178 (3.01) | 0.012 |
Chronic liver disease | 61,198 (17.74) | 8322 (18.76) | 54,461 (13.85) | 0.133 | 38,880 (15.84) | 39,177 (15.96) | 0.003 | 8179 (18.72) | 8241 (18.87) | 0.004 | 7041 (17.97) | 6943 (17.72) | 0.007 |
Chronic kidney disease | 55,458 (16.08) | 11,254 (25.36) | 63,786 (16.23) | 0.231 | 36,689 (14.95) | 36,301 (14.79) | 0.004 | 10,153 (23.24) | 10,576 (24.21) | 0.023 | 9157 (23.37) | 8768 (22.37) | 0.024 |
Congestive heart failure | 3378 (0.98) | 756 (1.70) | 3439 (0.87) | 0.074 | 1629 (0.66) | 1666 (0.68) | 0.002 | 575 (1.32) | 657 (1.50) | 0.016 | 568 (1.45) | 541 (1.38) | 0.006 |
Hypertension | 240,837 (69.83) | 32,220 (72.62) | 245,978 (62.57) | 0.216 | 163,972 (66.81) | 163,490 (66.61) | 0.004 | 31,190 (71.40) | 31,549 (72.22) | 0.018 | 27,854 (71.07) | 27,634 (70.51) | 0.012 |
Dyslipidemia | 290,201 (84.14) | 38,868 (87.60) | 275,391 (70.06) | 0.440 | 197,217 (80.35) | 197,488 (80.46) | 0.003 | 38,283 (87.64) | 38,219 (87.49) | 0.004 | 33,741 (86.10) | 34,001 (86.76) | 0.019 |
Diabetic ulcer | 2258 (0.65) | 614 (1.38) | 2806 (0.71) | 0.073 | 1469 (0.60) | 1436 (0.59) | 0.002 | 501 (1.15) | 547 (1.25) | 0.010 | 467 (1.19) | 435 (1.11) | 0.008 |
Stroke | 12,758 (3.70) | 1721 (3.88) | 21,150 (5.38) | 0.081 | 9637 (3.93) | 9431 (3.84) | 0.004 | 1531 (3.50) | 1676 (3.84) | 0.018 | 1577 (4.02) | 1495 (3.81) | 0.011 |
Ischemic heart disease | 23,570 (6.83) | 2936 (6.62) | 13,116 (3.34) | 0.160 | 9808 (4.00) | 10,232 (4.17) | 0.009 | 2557 (5.85) | 2809 (6.43) | 0.024 | 2226 (5.68) | 2119 (5.41) | 0.012 |
Chronic gout | 52,487 (15.22) | 7242 (16.32) | 59,616 (15.17) | 0.032 | 37,704 (15.36) | 37,865 (15.43) | 0.002 | 6748 (15.45) | 7002 (16.03) | 0.016 | 6430 (16.41) | 6270 (16.00) | 0.011 |
Peripheral artery disease | 704 (0.20) | 209 (0.47) | 863 (0.22) | 0.046 | 422 (0.17) | 411 (0.17) | 0.001 | 155 (0.35) | 186 (0.43) | 0.011 | 169 (0.43) | 163 (0.42) | 0.002 |
Malignancy | 19,538 (5.66) | 2430 (5.48) | 32,100 (8.17) | 0.107 | 15,226 (6.20) | 14,840 (6.05) | 0.007 | 2219 (5.08) | 2390 (5.47) | 0.018 | 2234 (5.70) | 2127 (5.43) | 0.012 |
History of bleeding | 1264 (0.37) | 230 (0.52) | 3784 (0.96) | 0.073 | 1079 (0.44) | 987 (0.40) | 0.006 | 191 (0.44) | 219 (0.50) | 0.009 | 218 (0.56) | 214 (0.55) | 0.001 |
History of PCI | 23,625 (6.85) | 2895 (6.52) | 12,230 (3.11) | 0.173 | 9151 (3.73) | 9612 (3.92) | 0.010 | 2461 (5.63) | 2759 (6.32) | 0.029 | 2180 (5.56) | 2084 (5.32) | 0.011 |
History of CABG | 1984 (0.58) | 337 (0.76) | 1238 (0.31) | 0.061 | 840 (0.34) | 866 (0.35) | 0.002 | 283 (0.65) | 315 (0.72) | 0.009 | 249 (0.64) | 243 (0.62) | 0.002 |
APT | 96,424 (27.96) | 12,021 (27.09) | 92,230 (23.46) | 0.103 | 58,905 (24.00) | 59,184 (24.11) | 0.003 | 11,063 (25.33) | 11,696 (26.78) | 0.033 | 10,334 (26.37) | 9927 (25.33) | 0.024 |
ACEI/ARB | 198,252 (57.48) | 25,822 (58.20) | 193,019 (49.10) | 0.183 | 132,347 (53.92) | 132,130 (53.83) | 0.002 | 25,031 (57.30) | 25,348 (58.03) | 0.015 | 22,289 (56.87) | 22,120 (56.44) | 0.009 |
ARNI | 1590 (0.46) | 185 (0.42) | 465 (0.12) | 0.064 | 367 (0.15) | 410 (0.17) | 0.004 | 150 (0.34) | 179 (0.41) | 0.011 | 123 (0.31) | 122 (0.31) | 0.001 |
Beta blocker | 103,432 (29.99) | 13,027 (29.36) | 101,697 (25.87) | 0.092 | 66,552 (27.12) | 66,650 (27.16) | 0.001 | 12,040 (27.56) | 12,639 (28.93) | 0.031 | 11,203 (28.59) | 10,849 (27.68) | 0.020 |
Loop diuretics | 17,484 (5.07) | 3472 (7.83) | 30,088 (7.65) | 0.112 | 12,256 (4.99) | 11,938 (4.86) | 0.006 | 2817 (6.45) | 3164 (7.24) | 0.032 | 3095 (7.90) | 2874 (7.33) | 0.021 |
MRA | 11,098 (3.22) | 1525 (3.44) | 13,938 (3.55) | 0.018 | 6608 (2.69) | 6491 (2.64) | 0.003 | 1292 (2.96) | 1480 (3.39) | 0.025 | 1337 (3.41) | 1243 (3.17) | 0.013 |
Nitrate | 16,002 (4.64) | 2180 (4.91) | 17,124 (4.36) | 0.027 | 9568 (3.90) | 9635 (3.93) | 0.001 | 1852 (4.24) | 2060 (4.72) | 0.023 | 1872 (4.78) | 1789 (4.56) | 0.010 |
Non-DHP CCB | 10,068 (2.92) | 1245 (2.81) | 12,216 (3.11) | 0.018 | 6462 (2.63) | 6412 (2.61) | 0.001 | 1096 (2.51) | 1219 (2.79) | 0.018 | 1113 (2.84) | 1017 (2.60) | 0.015 |
Digoxin | 1986 (0.58) | 205 (0.46) | 2604 (0.66) | 0.027 | 1239 (0.50) | 1197 (0.49) | 0.002 | 174 (0.40) | 203 (0.46) | 0.010 | 182 (0.46) | 172 (0.44) | 0.004 |
DHP CCB | 145,011 (42.05) | 18,226 (41.08) | 169,847 (43.21) | 0.043 | 100,712 (41.03) | 107,373 (43.75) | 0.055 | 18,132 (41.51) | 17,796 (40.74) | 0.016 | 15,802 (40.32) | 17,991 (45.91) | 0.113 |
Statin | 235,174 (68.19) | 32,023 (72.17) | 207,551 (52.80) | 0.408 | 152,641 (62.19) | 152,713 (62.22) | 0.001 | 31,443 (71.98) | 31,469 (72.04) | 0.001 | 27,162 (69.31) | 27,087 (69.12) | 0.004 |
NSAIDs | 79,453 (23.04) | 10,719 (24.16) | 100,346 (25.53) | 0.058 | 59,192 (24.12) | 59,463 (24.23) | 0.003 | 10,650 (24.38) | 10,572 (24.20) | 0.004 | 9775 (24.94) | 9768 (24.92) | 0.000 |
PPI | 19,067 (5.53) | 2669 (6.02) | 31,754 (8.08) | 0.101 | 14,558 (5.93) | 14,277 (5.82) | 0.005 | 2336 (5.35) | 2603 (5.96) | 0.027 | 2553 (6.51) | 2313 (5.90) | 0.025 |
H2 blocker | 63,552 (18.43) | 8123 (18.31) | 87,960 (22.38) | 0.101 | 46,910 (19.11) | 46,947 (19.13) |  < .001 | 7539 (17.26) | 7931 (18.16) | 0.024 | 7494 (19.12) | 7299 (18.62) | 0.013 |
Anti-diabetic agent | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Metformin | 198,656 (57.60) | 25,551 (57.59) | 245,340 (62.41) | 0.099 | 157,015 (63.97) | 158,769 (64.69) | 0.015 | 25,842 (59.16) | 25,513 (58.41) | 0.015 | 23,305 (59.47) | 23,736 (60.57) | 0.023 |
Sulfonylurea | 203,927 (59.13) | 26,406 (59.51) | 170,955 (43.49) | 0.325 | 131,131 (53.43) | 130,340 (53.10) | 0.007 | 26,423 (60.49) | 26,227 (60.04) | 0.009 | 23,314 (59.49) | 23,593 (60.20) | 0.015 |
Glinide | 15,568 (4.51) | 4300 (9.69) | 24,902 (6.33) | 0.203 | 11,696 (4.77) | 11,478 (4.68) | 0.004 | 3648 (8.35) | 3806 (8.71) | 0.013 | 3634 (9.27) | 3623 (9.24) | 0.001 |
Acarbose | 41,010 (11.89) | 7037 (15.86) | 28,343 (7.21) | 0.273 | 21,909 (8.93) | 22,173 (9.03) | 0.004 | 6788 (15.54) | 6888 (15.77) | 0.006 | 5879 (15.00) | 5959 (15.21) | 0.006 |
Glitazone | 63,680 (18.46) | 10,281 (23.17) | 30,652 (7.80) | 0.435 | 27,968 (11.39) | 28,016 (11.41) | 0.001 | 10,092 (23.10) | 10,067 (23.05) | 0.001 | 8178 (20.87) | 8336 (21.27) | 0.010 |
Insulin | 58,063 (16.84) | 23,232 (52.36) | 70,838 (18.02) | 0.805 | 35,077 (14.29) | 34,991 (14.26) | 0.001 | 22,653 (51.86) | 22,553 (51.63) | 0.005 | 18,147 (46.31) | 18,048 (46.05) | 0.005 |