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Table 1 Pre-clinical studies showing the efficacy of exosomes in improving cardiovascular function

From: Exosomal microRNAs in diabetic heart disease

Source of exosomes

Type

miRNAs involved

Model

Effect

References

“Healthy” biological fluids

Pericardial fluids

let-7b-5p

In vitro

Improve cell viability

Increase proliferation

Increase networking capabilities

[49]

Normotensive Wistar Kyoto rat plasms

In vivo

Decreased systolic blood pressure

Reduced fibrosis

Reversed hypertensive structural changes

[166]

Heart tissue of exercised db/db mice

miRNA-29b

miRNA-455

In vivo

Reduced cardiac MMP9 expression and function

[109]

Primary cardiomyocytes/CDC/CPC

CDC

miRNA-146a

In vitro

Promote angiogenesis

Promote proliferation

Decrease cell death

[104]

In vivo

Promote angiogenesis

Promote cardiac regeneration

Hypoxic CPC

miRNA-320, miRNA-222, miRNA-185

In vitro

Promote angiogenesis

[105]

In vivo

Improve cardiac function

Reduce fibrosis

Endothelial cells/EPCs/Epithelial cells

EPC

miRNA-21a-5p

miRNA-222-3p

miRNA-221-3p

miRNA-155-5p

miRNA-29a-3p

In vivo

Reduced atherosclerotic plaques

Ameliorate endothelium-dependent contractile dysfunction

Reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory factors

Improve vasodilation

[139]

EPC

In vivo

Accelerate cutaneous wound healing

[177]

In vitro

Promote migration

Promote proliferation

Promote tube formation

Increase pro-angiogenic molecules

Endothelial cells

miRNA-126

In vivo

Improves neurological and cognitive function

Increase axon density

Increase myelin density

Increase vascular density

Increase arterial diameter

[26]

In vitro

Increased primary cortical neuron axonal outgrowth

Increases endothelial capillary tube formation

Stem cells

human umbilical cord MSC

-

In vitro

Reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis

Promote tube formation

Promote migration

[97]

In vivo

Increase LV function

Reduced fibrosis

human umbilical cord MSC

miRNA-19a

In vitro

Increased proliferation and migration

Decreased apoptotic rate and proteins

[178]

In vivo

Improved cardiac function post MI

hESC-pg

-

In vivo

Improve cardiac function

[107]

MSC

-

In vivo

Ameliorate myocardial injury

Reduce fibrosis and LV collagen

[120]

MSC

miRNA-21a-5p

In vitro

Reduce pro-apoptotic gene products

Reduced cel death in response to oxygen-glucose deprevation

[106]

In vivo

Reduce pro-apoptotic gene products

Reduce infarct size

bone marrow-derived macrophages

miRNA-146b

miRNA-99a

miRNA-378a

In vivo

Suppress inflammation

Reduce necrotic lesion

Reduce hematopoiesis

[138]

induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSC

In vivo

Enhance micro vessel density

Improve blood perfusion in ischemic limb

[146]

In vitro

Promote migration

Promote proliferation

Promote tube formation

bone marrow MSCs

miRNA-210-3p

In vitro

Promote migration

Promote proliferation

Promote tube formation

[147]

In vivo

Increase blood perfusion

Formation of new blood vessels

MenSCs

In vivo

Enhance neoangiogenisis

Enhanced re-epitheliarisation

[102]

Adipose-derived stem cell (ADSCs)

miRNA-30d-5p

In vivo

Decreased cerebral injury area

Suppress autophagy

Promote M2 microglia/macrophage polarization

[156]

In vitro

Suppress autophagy

MSC

Let-7a

miRNA-23a

miRNA-125b

In vivo

Increase myelin thickness and axonal diameters of sciatic nerves

Alleviate neurovascular dysfunction

Improve functional recovery

[161]

Therapeutically modulated exosomes/ exosomes from therapeutically modulated source

Akt-overexpressing MSCs

In vitro

Promote angiogenesis

Promote endothelial cell proliferation

[179]

In vivo

Improve cardiac function

Improve blood vessel formation

Transgenic (TG) mouse model with cardiac-specific overexpression of Hsp20

In vitro

Reduce apoptosis

Improve angiogenesis

[99]

In vivo

Promote exosome generation

Reduce adverse remodeling

Reduce apoptosis

Atorvastatin pre-treated bone marrow MSCs

miRNA-221-3p

In vivo

Facilitate wound healing

Promote blood vessel formation

[149]

In vitro

Promote migration

Promote proliferation

Promote tube formation

Antioxidant polyurethane nerve conduit with bone marrow stem cells derived exosomes

In vivo

Improve the neve functionality

[163]

ADSC exosomes transfected with miRNA-93-5p mimic

miRNA-93-5p

In vivo

Reduce myocardial damage after acute MI

Suppressed autophagy and inflammation after MI

[180]

In vitro

Inhibit hypoxia-induced myocardial cell injury