Source of exosomes | Type | miRNAs involved | Model | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
“Healthy” biological fluids | Pericardial fluids | let-7b-5p | In vitro | Improve cell viability Increase proliferation Increase networking capabilities | [49] |
Normotensive Wistar Kyoto rat plasms | – | In vivo | Decreased systolic blood pressure Reduced fibrosis Reversed hypertensive structural changes | [166] | |
Heart tissue of exercised db/db mice | miRNA-29b miRNA-455 | In vivo | Reduced cardiac MMP9 expression and function | [109] | |
Primary cardiomyocytes/CDC/CPC | CDC | miRNA-146a | In vitro | Promote angiogenesis Promote proliferation Decrease cell death | [104] |
In vivo | Promote angiogenesis Promote cardiac regeneration | ||||
Hypoxic CPC | miRNA-320, miRNA-222, miRNA-185 | In vitro | Promote angiogenesis | [105] | |
In vivo | Improve cardiac function Reduce fibrosis | ||||
Endothelial cells/EPCs/Epithelial cells | EPC | miRNA-21a-5p miRNA-222-3p miRNA-221-3p miRNA-155-5p miRNA-29a-3p | In vivo | Reduced atherosclerotic plaques Ameliorate endothelium-dependent contractile dysfunction Reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory factors Improve vasodilation | [139] |
EPC | – | In vivo | Accelerate cutaneous wound healing | [177] | |
In vitro | Promote migration Promote proliferation Promote tube formation Increase pro-angiogenic molecules | ||||
Endothelial cells | miRNA-126 | In vivo | Improves neurological and cognitive function Increase axon density Increase myelin density Increase vascular density Increase arterial diameter | [26] | |
In vitro | Increased primary cortical neuron axonal outgrowth Increases endothelial capillary tube formation | ||||
Stem cells | human umbilical cord MSC | - | In vitro | Reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis Promote tube formation Promote migration | [97] |
In vivo | Increase LV function Reduced fibrosis | ||||
human umbilical cord MSC | miRNA-19a | In vitro | Increased proliferation and migration Decreased apoptotic rate and proteins | [178] | |
In vivo | Improved cardiac function post MI | ||||
hESC-pg | - | In vivo | Improve cardiac function | [107] | |
MSC | - | In vivo | Ameliorate myocardial injury Reduce fibrosis and LV collagen | [120] | |
MSC | miRNA-21a-5p | In vitro | Reduce pro-apoptotic gene products Reduced cel death in response to oxygen-glucose deprevation | [106] | |
In vivo | Reduce pro-apoptotic gene products Reduce infarct size | ||||
bone marrow-derived macrophages | miRNA-146b miRNA-99a miRNA-378a | In vivo | Suppress inflammation Reduce necrotic lesion Reduce hematopoiesis | [138] | |
induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSC | – | In vivo | Enhance micro vessel density Improve blood perfusion in ischemic limb | [146] | |
In vitro | Promote migration Promote proliferation Promote tube formation | ||||
bone marrow MSCs | miRNA-210-3p | In vitro | Promote migration Promote proliferation Promote tube formation | [147] | |
In vivo | Increase blood perfusion Formation of new blood vessels | ||||
MenSCs | – | In vivo | Enhance neoangiogenisis Enhanced re-epitheliarisation | [102] | |
Adipose-derived stem cell (ADSCs) | miRNA-30d-5p | In vivo | Decreased cerebral injury area Suppress autophagy Promote M2 microglia/macrophage polarization | [156] | |
In vitro | Suppress autophagy | ||||
MSC | Let-7a miRNA-23a miRNA-125b | In vivo | Increase myelin thickness and axonal diameters of sciatic nerves Alleviate neurovascular dysfunction Improve functional recovery | [161] | |
Therapeutically modulated exosomes/ exosomes from therapeutically modulated source | Akt-overexpressing MSCs | – | In vitro | Promote angiogenesis Promote endothelial cell proliferation | [179] |
In vivo | Improve cardiac function Improve blood vessel formation | ||||
Transgenic (TG) mouse model with cardiac-specific overexpression of Hsp20 | – | In vitro | Reduce apoptosis Improve angiogenesis | [99] | |
In vivo | Promote exosome generation Reduce adverse remodeling Reduce apoptosis | ||||
Atorvastatin pre-treated bone marrow MSCs | miRNA-221-3p | In vivo | Facilitate wound healing Promote blood vessel formation | [149] | |
In vitro | Promote migration Promote proliferation Promote tube formation | ||||
Antioxidant polyurethane nerve conduit with bone marrow stem cells derived exosomes | – | In vivo | Improve the neve functionality | [163] | |
ADSC exosomes transfected with miRNA-93-5p mimic | miRNA-93-5p | In vivo | Reduce myocardial damage after acute MI Suppressed autophagy and inflammation after MI | [180] | |
In vitro | Inhibit hypoxia-induced myocardial cell injury |