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Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of the CHF population classified as Euglycemic, IR, and DM

From: Progressive right ventricular dysfunction and exercise impairment in patients with heart failure and diabetes mellitus: insights from the T.O.S.CA. Registry

Characteristics

Study cohort (n = 480)

Euglycemic (n = 172)

IR (n = 188)

T2D (n = 120)

Pearson’s Chi-squared

ANOVA F-value

Kruskal–Wallis Chi-squared

p-value

Age (year)

62.1 ± 12.2

62.5 ± 14.8

59.8 ± 11.3

64.7 ± 9.4§

 

6.1

 

 < 0.01

Sex (male)

356 (74%)

117 (68%)

137 (72%)

102 (85%)

0.2

  

0.9

NYHA class n (%)

5.1

  

0.3

 I

43

19 (13.5%)

17 (10.8%)

7 (5.9%)

    

 II

224

73 (51.8%)

88 (55.7%)

63 (52.9%)

    

 III–IV

144

49 (34.7%)

53 (33.5%)

49 (41.2%)

    

 Ischemic/non ischemic aetiology

220/197

56/84

82/37

82/76

21.6

  

 < 0.001

 Year of disease

11 [6–17]

12 [6–17]

10 [6–17]

11 [7–18]

  

5.5

0.06

Systolic blood pressure (mm/Hg)

120 ± 18

118 ± 17

118 ± 17

122 ± 19§

 

1.9

 

0.15

Diastolic blood pressure (mm/Hg)

74 ± 10

74 ± 12

74 ± 9.3

74 ± 9.8

 

0.1

 

0.9

BMI (kg/m2)

28 ± 5.4

26 ± 4

30 ± 5*

30 ± 6*

 

27.3

 

 < 0.001

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

87 ± 41

79 ± 37

95 ± 42*

87 ± 43

 

6.0

 

 < 0.01

Current smokers (%)

15.4

14.1

16.2

15.7

0.4

  

0.8

NT pro BNP (pg/ml)

935 [319–2822]

1134 [387–3580]

972 [200–2456]

952 [383–2824]

  

2.5

0.15

EF (%)

31.7 ± 7.2

31.5 ± 8.1

32.0 ± 7.7

31.6 ± 7.0

 

0.46

 

0.8

Atrial fibrillation n (%)

64

32 (24.1)

20 (28.1)

12 (20.4)

1.25

  

0.53

ICD (%)

213

65 (44.2)

82 (50)

66 (53.2)

2.3

  

0.3

CRT (%)

69

20 (13.7)

28 (17.1)

21 (16.9)

0.8

  

0.7

Glycemia (mg/dl)

113 ± 40

92 ± 13

108 ± 28*

145 ± 52*,§

 

86.3

 

 < 0.001

Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)

6.3 ± 1.3

5.7 ± 0.5

6 ± 0.9

7.5 ± 1.6*,§

 

80.8

 

 < 0.001

Insulinemia (microU/l)

12.9 (8.4–24.6)

6.9 (5.1–9.3)

18.4 (14.2–32.4)*

17.0 (11.1–38.7)*

 

193.55

 

 < 0.001

HOMA-IR

3.5 (2.0–6.4)

1.7 (1.2–2.1)

4.8(3.5–8.0)*

5.3(3.5–13.7)*

  

254.1.01

 < 0.001

THERAPY

        

Insulin (%)

–

0

0

51 (13.6%)

    

Antidiabetics (%)

–

0

0

72 (19.2%)

    

Insulin and antidiabetics (%)

–

0

0

17 (4.6%)

    

B-blocker (%)

 

135 (91.8)

117 (93.4)

156 (92.8)

0.3

  

0.8

ACE-I/ARBs (%)

 

90 (61.2)

101 (60.5)

73 (57.9)

0.3

  

0.8

MRA (%)

 

78 (53.1)

84 (50.3)

65 (52)

0.2

  

0.9

Diuretics (%)

 

104 (70.7)

136 (81.4)

103 (81.7)

6.7

  

 < 0.05

Amiodarone (%)

 

38 (25.8)

36 (21.5)

22 (17.6)

2.7

  

0.3

Digoxin (%)

 

18 (12.2)

18 (10.8)

14 (11.1)

0.2

  

0.9

Antiplatelets (%)

 

53 (36.0)

59 (35.3)

41 (32.5)

0.4

  

0.8

Antithrombotic (%)

 

80 (29.0)

103 (37.4)

92 (33.4)

10.1

  

 < 0.05

Lipid-lowering medications (%)

 

72 (49.0)

108 (64.7)

95 (76.0)

21.5

  

 < 0.001

Ivabradine (%)

 

16 (10.9)

34 (20.3)

21 (16.8)

5.2

  

0.07

  1. NYHA, New York Heart Association; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI); NT pro BNP, N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide; EF, ejection fraction; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; HOMA, HomeOstasis Model Assessment; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin-receptor blockers; MRA, Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
  2. *p < 0.05 respect Euglycemic
  3. §p < 0.05 respect IR
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840