Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population

Gender, male (%)

34 (69.4)

65 (69.1)

34 (62.9)

Age, years

55.2 ± 6.8

57.1 ± 9.9

60.2 ± 11.9a

Height, cm

161.0 ± 6.4

164.5 ± 8.5

162.8 ± 10.5

Weight, kg

60.4 ± 10.7

65.9 ± 10.7a

66.7 ± 9.7a

BMI, kg/m²

23.2 ± 3.7

24.3 ± 2.9a

25.4 ± 4.9a

SBP, mmHg

119.4 ± 5.2

128.7 ± 19.6a

125.7 ± 25.3

DBP, mmHg

79.9 ± 7.6

79.9 ± 12.6

76.9 ± 18.6

Rest heart rate, bmp

74.1 ± 10.0

77.0 ± 12.3

77.8 ± 14.6

FPG, mmol/L

–

9.8 ± 4.9

9.3 ± 4.9

HbA1c, %

–

7.9 ± 1.9

8.2 ± 1.5

Months with diabetes, months

–

8.3 ± 7.0

12.8 ± 5.5b

 TC, mmol/L

–

4.6 ± 1.9

4.2 ± 1.7

 TG, mmol/L

–

2.1 ± 2.3

2.0 ± 1.4

 HDL, mmol/L

–

1.2 ± 0.5

1.0 ± 0.4

 LDL, mmol/L

–

2.5 ± 1.3

2.4 ± 1.2

T2DM with mild regurgitation, n (%)

–

–

17(31.5)

T2DM with moderate regurgitation, n (%)

–

–

18 (33.3)

T2DM with severe regurgitation, n (%)

–

–

19 (35.2)

Medication, n

 Biguanides

–

49

25

 Sulfonylureas

–

6

8

 α-Glucosidase inhibitor

–

21

14

GLP-1 receptor and DPP-4 inhibitors

–

9

8

SGLT-2 inhibitors

–

12

5

Insulin

–

33

19