Table 1 Baseline demographical and biochemical characteristics of healthy control subjects (CTR) and patients with type 2 diabetes
Variables | CTR (n = 125) | Type 2 diabetes (n = 362) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 63.0 (56.0–73.5) | 67.0 (60.0–72.0) | 0.114 |
Gender (Males, %) | 59 (47%) | 200 (55%) | 0.145 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 26.6 (24.0–29.2) | 28.3 (25.9–31.4) | < 0.001 |
Weight (Kg) | 73 (65–80) | 78 (70–87) | < 0.001 |
Waist-hip ratio | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | 0.94 (0.89–0.98) | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133 (125–139) | 136 (129–143) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 85 (80–93) | 90 (85–96) | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 217.5 (186.3–238.0) | 209 (181.8–235.0) | 0.124 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 56.5 (47.3–67.8) | 50.0 (43.0–60.0) | < 0.001 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 128.2 (109.0–145.9) | 116.6 (95.6–138.9) | 0.004 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 92.5 (62.3–131.0) | 115.0 (83.8–163.3) | < 0.001 |
ApoA1 (mg/dL) | 176.0 (155.0–203.8) | 164.5 (149.0–187.0) | 0.001 |
ApoB (mg/dL) | 101.5 (83.5–121.0) | 101.0 (85.0–122.0) | 0.822 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.0 (89.0–100.0) | 152.0 (133.8–186.0) | < 0.001 |
HbA1C (%) | 5.7 (5.5–6.1) | 7.3 (6.5–8.1) | < 0.001 |
Insulin (UI/mL) | 4.70 (3.44–6.96) | 5.80 (3.69–8.83) | 0.003 |
HOMA index | 1.12 (0.77–1.61) | 2.17 (1.42–3.61) | < 0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.85 (0.70–1.00) | 0.90 (0.70–1.00) | 0.043 |
eGFR (mL/min) | 82.5 (68.3–89.5) | 81.3 (66.1–87.5) | 0.094 |
Azotemia (mg/dL) | 38.0 (33.0–44.0) | 38.0 (32.0–46.3) | 0.706 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.8 (4.1–5.5) | 4.6 (4.0–5.4) | 0.241 |
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 36 (32–42) | 39 (33–48) | 0.002 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 21 (17–25) | 20 (16–25) | 0.104 |
Gamma-glutamiltransferase (U/L) | 45 (35–56) | 51 (41–62) | < 0.001 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.029 |
WBC (n/mm3) | 6.17 (5.09–7.29) | 6.56 (5.60–7.62) | 0.003 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.1 (13.4–15.0) | 14.5 (13.6–15.4) | 0.033 |
Platelets (n/mm3) | 229 (195–273) | 210 (176–251) | 0.008 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.98 (0.87–5.04) | 2.73 (1.08–4.78) | 0.017 |
PAI-1 (ng/mL) | 17.8 (11.9–24.7) | 18.5 (13.1–25.3) | 0.674 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 296 (249–369) | 303 (257–344) | 0.221 |
Iron (µg/dL) | 79 (63–100) | 81 (66–97) | 0.375 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 97.8 (49.0–187.3) | 71.5 (39.6–150.7) | 0.445 |
Disease duration (years) | – | 12.5 (6.0–24.0) | – |
Relevant medications (n, %) | |||
Any T2DM medication | – | 264 (73%) | – |
Metformin | – | 133 (37%) | – |
Sulphonylureas | – | 173 (48%) | – |
Glinides | – | 7 (2%) | – |
Insulin | – | 60 (17%) | – |
Vitamin K antagonists | – | 39 (11%) | – |
Statins | 4 (3%) | 60 (17%) | < 0.001 |
Type 2 diabetes complications (n, %) | |||
Any complication | – | 194 (53%) | |
Retinopathy | – | 95 (26%) | – |
Diabetic kidney disease | – | 52 (15%) | – |
Neuropathy | – | 73 (20%) | – |
Peripheral artery disease | – | 27 (8%) | – |
MACE | – | 53 (15%) | – |