Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants with low and high RDW
Characteristic | Low RDW (≤ 14.3%) (N = 720) | High RDW (> 14.3%) (N = 140) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Male (%) | 430 (59.7) | 86 (61.4) | 0.706 |
Age (years) | 68 (60–76) | 73 (65–79) | 0.001 |
Age ≥ 65 (%) | 454 (63.1) | 106 (75.7) | 0.004 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 (21.6–26.0) | 23.5 (21.2–25.8) | 0.444 |
Smoking (%) | 213 (29.6) | 39 (27.9) | 0.681 |
Alcohol use (%) | 180 (25.0) | 40 (28.6) | 0.376 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 10 (5–18) | 10 (6–20) | 0.104 |
Diabetic foot ulcer duration (days) | 30 (10–60) | 60 (28–98) |  < 0.001 |
Severe DFUs (%) | 388 (53.9) | 81 (57.9) | 0.388 |
PAD | |||
 Severe PAD (%) | 370 (59.3) | 84 (70.6) | 0.021 |
 Missing (n) | 96 | 21 |  |
Coronary artery disease (%) | 69 (9.6) | 21 (15) | 0.055 |
Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 63 (8.8) | 10 (7.1) | 0.532 |
Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 339 (47.8) | 58 (41.7) | 0.188 |
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (%) | 370 (51.4) | 74 (52.9) | 0.750 |
Hypertension (%) | 547 (76.0) | 113 (80.7) | 0.224 |
SBP (mmHg) | 142 (128–158) | 142 (126–160) | 0.938 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74 (66–83) | 75 (64–84) | 0.488 |
Medication | |||
 Anti-hypertensive drugs (%) | 444 (61.7) | 99 (70.7) | 0.042 |
 Two or more anti-hypertensive drugs (%) | 200 (27.8) | 38 (27.1) | 0.878 |
 Insulin (%) | 589 (81.8) | 109 (77.9) | 0.274 |
 Statins (%) | 581 (80.7) | 120 (85.7) | 0.162 |
 Anti-platelet drugs (%) | 547 (76.0) | 106 (75.7) | 0.948 |
 Two or more anti-platelet drugs (%) | 162 (22.5) | 37 (26.4) | 0.313 |
eGFR (EPI)(mL/min/1.73m2) | 84.7 (63.2–96.8) | 80.5 (50.2–91.4) | 0.003 |
ALB (g/L) | 34.0 (30.5–37.3) | 33.0 (30.3–36.9) | 0.205 |
Hb (g/L) | 117 (104–129) | 107 (92–122) |  < 0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 7.1 (5.3–9.6) | 6.3 (4.7–9.4) | 0.029 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.9 (7.6–10.9) | 7.9 (6.8–9.3) |  < 0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.04 (3.33–5.02) | 3.86 (3.07–4.82) | 0.086 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.26 (0.95–1.78) | 1.32 (0.88–1.85) | 0.879 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.91 (0.73–1.11) | 0.86 (0.72–1.07) | 0.441 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.29 (1.75–3.00) | 2.13 (1.55–2.90) | 0.063 |
RDW (%) | 12.9 (12.5–13.4) | 15.0 (14.7–15.7) |  < 0.001 |
RDW/ALB ratio [%/(g/L)] | 0.38 (0.34–0.43) | 0.46 (0.41–0.52) |  < 0.001 |