Table 1 Baseline characteristics
|  | T2D (n = 205) | Controls (n = 40) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 62.9 (7.0) | 60.7 (7.7) | 0.074 |
Sex, males | 125 (61) | 25 (63) | 0.856 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.865 |
 White | 147 (72) | 28 (70) |  |
 Asian | 48 (23) | 11 (28) |  |
 Other | 10 (5) | 1 (2) |  |
Smoking status, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.138 |
 Never smoked | 114 (56) | 23 (58) |  |
 Ex-smoker | 73 (36) | 17 (42) |  |
 Current smoker | 18 (8) | 0 |  |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 31.0 (6.1) | 26.6 (4.2) | < 0.001 |
 Duration of diabetes, years | 9.0 (5.0–14.8) | – | – |
 Hypertension, n (%) | 124 (60) | 7 (18) | < 0.001 |
 Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 151 (74) | 7 (18) | < 0.001 |
Medication, n (%) | |||
 ACE inhibitor/ARB | 98 (48) | 4 (10) | 0.001 |
 Number of anti-hypertensives |  |  | < 0.001 |
  0 | 83 (41) | 33 (82) |  |
  1 | 56 (27) | 7 (18) |  |
  2 | 46 (22) | 0 |  |
  ≥ 3 | 20 (10) | 0 |  |
 Statin | 142 (70) | 8 (20) | < 0.001 |
 Biguanide | 151 (74) | – | – |
 Sulphonylurea | 32 (16) | – | – |
 Thiazolidinediones | 3 (2) | – | – |
 DPP-4 inhibitor | 35 (17) | – | – |
 GLP-1 receptor agonist | 21 (10) | – | – |
 SGLT-2 inhibitor | 37 (18) | – | – |
 Insulin | 35 (17) | – | – |
Biochemistry | |||
 Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.1 (1.5) | 14.8 (1.2) | 0.014 |
 Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 84.6 (14.0) | 84.9 (11.4) | 0.913 |
 Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 8.1 (2.3) | 5.2 (0.7) | < 0.001 |
 HbA1c, mmol/mol | 57.5 (13.3) | 36.2 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
 HbA1c, % | 7.4 (1.2) | 5.5 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
 LDL, mmol/L | 2.2 (0.8) | 3.2 (0.9) | < 0.001 |
 Cholesterol:HDL ratio | 3.3 (0.9) | 3.3 (1.1) | 0.952 |
 NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 45 (24–79) | 48 (29–99) | 0.159 |
 Albuminuria, n (%) | 49 (24) | 6 (15) | 0.298 |